Used Haas Vf 7/50 for sale (53,070)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2021, operating hours: 2,400 h, functionality: fully functional, number of axes: 5, For sale: CNC milling machine Haas UMC-750 – 5-axis vertical machining center Year of manufacture: 2021 Spindle taper: SK40 Tool changer: 30+1 tools Additional equipment: Renishaw probe receiver, chip conveyor, program reading and writing via USB. Axis travel: X 762 mm, Y 508 mm, Z 508 mm Laedpfx Aioxn R N Njweb Worktable: Diameter 500 mm Maximum spindle speed: 8,000 rpm, direct drive The machine is in very good condition, precise, available for inspection and testing at any time.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 24,088 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 1165821, travel distance X-axis: 762 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 508 mm, rotational speed (max.): 15,000 rpm, number of slots in tool magazine: 40, TECHNICAL DETAILS X-axis travel: 762 mm Y-axis travel: 508 mm Z-axis travel: 508 mm Max. spindle speed: 15,000 rpm Number of tool magazine slots: 40 MACHINE DETAILS Tool taper: CT 40 Electrical data Voltage: 440 V Phase: 3 Frequency: 50/60 Hz EQUIPMENT Infinitely variable spindle speed Lodpjxxxgqjfx Aiwjab Chip conveyor Internal coolant system

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2013, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 1105777, MACHINE SPECIFICATION Ljdpfx Aey Sgt Ijiweab Table size 1219mm x 457mm X axis traverse 1016mm Y axis traverse 508mm Z axis traverse 635mm Spindle nose to table 102 – 737mm Spindle BT40 Spindle speeds 0-12000rpm Spindle motor 22.4kW Rapid feed rate 35.6m/min Toolchanger capacity 24 + 1 tools Approximate weight 5670Kg MACHINE EQUIPPED WITH: - Haas TRT 160 5 axis trunnion tables (removable) Wireless intuitive probing system Remote jog handle Swarf auger Programmable coolant nozzle Lighting Guarding Manual

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2020, Traverses X Y Z 3048 x 1016 x 762mm, Laodpfxsy Emyuo Aiweb Table size 3048 x 711 mm, Maximum workpiece weight 1814 kgs Spindle speed 8,100rpm, Spindle taper BT40, Motor 30HP, Haas control, 30 station ATC

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, travel distance X-axis: 1,270 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 635 mm, controller manufacturer: Haas, workpiece weight (max.): 1,588 kg, total height: 3,023 mm, total length: 4,089 mm, total width: 3,353 mm, rotational speed (min.): 40 rpm, rotational speed (max.): 8,100 rpm, overall weight: 6,033 kg, Equipment: documentation/manual, CNC Vertical Machining Centre CNC Control Haas CNC Table size 1.321 x 457 mm Table load 1.588 kg Number of pallets: 1 x Movement X-axis 1.270 mm Movement Y-axis 508 mm Laedpfx Aioy N A Ntowjb Movement Z-axis 635 mm Spindle taper MAS BT40 Spindle speed 40 - 8.100 1/min Spindle motor 22,4kW Magazin capacity 24 + 1 If you have any questions concerning the machine, please do not hesitate to contact us by phone or e-mail. Feel free to view our other advertisements for a complete overview of our stock.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2007, Haas VF5 Year of manufacture: 2007 X Y Z: 1270 x 660 x 635 mm Table: 1321 x 584 mm Spindle speed: 0 – 7500 rpm Gearbox Spindle taper: BT 40 Spindle motor: 20 hp 20-station tool changer Through-spindle coolant Includes Haas 4th axis Lodpfx Aoy S T Nveiwoab Video available

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2018, operating hours: 2,547 h, travel distance X-axis: 1,270 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 635 mm, spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis HAAS VF-4 was manufactured in 2018. It features a maximum spindle speed of 10,000 RPM and impressive travels of 1270 mm in the X-axis, 508 mm in the Y-axis, and 635 mm in the Z-axis. The machine includes cooling through the spindle. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the HAAS VF-4 vertical machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. Laedpfx Asy Txkzjiwjb • Cooling through the spindle (CTS) included Additional equipment • Toolholders and workpiece clamps available separately (not included; can be purchased for an additional amount)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2020, travel distance X-axis: 762 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 508 mm, controller manufacturer: HAAS, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 22,400 W, This 4 axis HAAS VF 2 SS YT vertical machining center was manufactured in 2020. Ideal for precision machining, it offers robust construction and advanced control technology. If you are looking to get high-quality milling capabilities, consider the HAAS VF 2 SS YT machine we have for sale. Contact us for more information. Standard equipment • 12,000 rpm spindle • High-speed 30+1 side-mount tool changer • Window air blast • 55-gallon coolant tank • Control system (Haas Control) • Ethernet interface • WiFi connection • Power failure detection module • Advanced tool management • Media display (M130) • HaasConnect (remote monitoring) • Safe Run • HaasDrop • Rigid tapping • Standard program memory (1 GB) • Stainless steel way covers • Phone charging station Included equipment • 4th + 5th axis preparation (pre-wiring) Ljdpfxoyaix Us Aiwjab • High-speed machining option • Export packaging • Rotary table HRT210 • Direct control by mill CNC • Programmable coolant pump • Chip auger • Chip tray filter kit • Through-spindle coolant (300 psi / 21 bar)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2017, travel distance X-axis: 1,270 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 635 mm, spindle speed (max.): 8,100 rpm, spindle motor power: 22,400 W, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis HAAS VF-4 was manufactured in 2017. It features an X-axis travel of 1270 mm, Y-axis travel of 508 mm, and Z-axis travel of 635 mm. The machine is equipped with a maximum spindle speed of 8,100 RPM and a robust table size of 1321 mm x 495 mm, supporting a maximum weight of 794 kg. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the HAAS VF-4 vertical machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Spindle taper: CT 40 Ljdoy Sg H Uspfx Aiwjab • Max torque: 122.0 Nm @ 2000 rpm • Table dimensions: 1321 x 495 mm • Max weight on table: 794 kg • Tool changer: 20 positions (umbrella type) • Rapid feedrate (X/Y/Z): 25.4 m/min • Table to spindle nose (min/max): 107 / 742 mm • T-slots: 5 slots, 16 mm width, 80 mm pitch • Power-on time: 18673:41:20 • Cycle start time: 3974:33:16 • Feed cutting time: 2117:17:34 • Included machine options/features: 15" color monitor, rigid tapping, USB port Additional equipment • Programmable coolant nozzle • Auger-type chip conveyor

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2023, operating hours: 259 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 1200002, travel distance X-axis: 1,270 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 635 mm, Like-new Haas VF-4-EU CNC vertical machining center with only 259 operating hours. The machine is in excellent optical and technical condition. The VF-4 is factory-equipped and fully prepared for 4/5-axis operation – the comprehensive 5th-AXIS package is installed: - Axis cards for the 4th and 5th axes - Dynamic workpiece offset - Tool center point control - High-speed machining - Programmable coolant nozzle - Wireless Renishaw measuring probe and tool probe In addition, the machine is exceptionally well-equipped: - TSC – internal coolant supply with 21 bar - Spiral chip conveyor - Complete coolant maintenance package (automatic refilling, oil separator, mist collector) - Fast 30+1 tool changer - Spindle with 10,000 rpm The control system is the current Haas Next Generation Control with touchscreen, WLAN, Ethernet and HaasConnect remote monitoring. This makes the machine immediately ready for demanding machining tasks. The original shipping securing devices are available. An original Haas tool cart for SK40 is also included. Available from approximately week 32. Inspection and demonstration under power can be arranged at any time. Loading and transport can be organized. A suitable TRT-210 CNC rotary table is offered in a separate listing and can be included in the package upon request. The LANG baseplates are not included in the scope of supply. Technical data: - Travel ranges X / Y / Z: 1,270 × 508 × 635 mm - Spindle nose to table: 107 – 742 mm - Table: 1,321 × 457 mm, 5 T-slots (16 mm), max. table load 1,588 kg - Spindle: 10,000 min⁻¹, BT/CT 40, inline direct drive, liquid-cooled - Drive power: 22.4 kW - Max. torque: 122 Nm at 2,000 min⁻¹ - Rapid traverse X / Y / Z: 25.4 m/min - Feed rate max.: 16.5 m/min Lsdpfsy Tp E Aox Aiwjab - Tool changer: Side SMTC, 30+1 positions - Tool max. diameter / length / weight: 64 mm / 330 mm / 5.4 kg - Tool change time (chip-to-chip): approx. 3.6 s - Connection voltage: 400 V / 50 Hz, 3-phase (internal transformer installed) - Compressed air: approx. 113 l/min at 6.9 bar - Coolant tank: 208 l - Weight: approx. 6,260 kg (with conveyor) Control system: - Haas Next Generation Control with touchscreen - 1 GB program memory, Ethernet + WLAN - HaasConnect (remote monitoring), HaasDrop (wireless file transfer) - M130 media display, Safe Run, synchronized thread drilling - Early detection module for power failure, surge protection - Equipment / options (all factory-installed) - 5-axis package VF-YT (4th + 5th axis drive-side prepared, DWO/TCPC, high-speed machining, programmable coolant nozzle) - Wireless Renishaw measuring probe system (intuitive) - TSC – internal coolant supply through the spindle, 21 bar - Spiral chip conveyor - Coolant maintenance package (automatic refilling, oil separator, mist collector) - Additional coolant filter (bag filter 25 µm) - Filter set for chip tray (200 µ) - Variable coolant flow (M-code controlled) - Blowing of the inside of the machine door - Lifting eyes, touchscreen, door lock

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2011, operating hours: 5,236 h, travel distance X-axis: 762 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 406 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 508 mm, controller manufacturer: HAAS, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, number of slots in tool magazine: 24, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis HAAS VF-2SS was manufactured in 2011. It features an X-axis travel of 762 mm, Y-axis travel of 406 mm, and Z-axis travel of 508 mm. The machine includes a table size of 914 x 356 mm and a maximum spindle speed of 12,000 rpm. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the HAAS VF-2SS vertical machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Table dimensions: 914 x 356 mm (36 x 14 in) • Rapids (X/Y/Z): 35.6 m/min (1,400 ipm) • Tool changer capacity: 24+1 • Coolant system: External Additional equipment Ledpfx Asy Nzq Aoiwsab • Table probe • Spindle probe Excluding • 4th axis (rotary), but machine is prepared for 4th and 5th axis Technical Specification Taper Size SK 40

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, operating hours: 14,500 h, machine/vehicle number: IntNr231533, Haas VF-3 (2007) – 3-Axis Vertical Machining Center Operating hours: approx. 14,500 Power-on hours: approx. 33,000 Machine type: CNC Vertical Machining Center Year of manufacture: 2007 Control: Haas Drive type: High-speed spindle (High Efficiency) Axis configuration: 3-axis machining Technical Data Travel distances: X-axis: 1,010 mm Y-axis: 660 mm Z-axis: 608 mm Spindle speed: up to 10,000 rpm Axis Drives X/Y/Z axes: Ball screws, precision linear guides 3rd axis: Integrated tilting/rotary table, CNC controlled Ljdpfx Aey Rfu Ijiwjab Tool Changer Capacity: 40 tool stations Taper: SK40 Spindle gearbox replaced in 2024 Equipment Chip conveyor Installation dimensions: approx. 3,870 x 2,510 x 2,690 mm (W x D x H) Machine weight: approx. 6,260 kg Condition The machine is fully functional both electrically and mechanically. Technical documentation included. The machine can be inspected under power by appointment. All technical data and details are subject to change and prior sale. Errors and omissions excepted.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2020, operating hours: 6,684 h, travel distance X-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 406 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 508 mm, controller manufacturer: HAAS, spindle speed (max.): 8,100 rpm, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis HAAS VF-1 was manufactured in 2020. It features a working area with X-axis travel of 508 mm, Y-axis travel of 406 mm, and Z-axis travel of 508 mm. The machine includes a maximum spindle speed of 8,100 RPM and comes equipped with a Renishaw OTS tool setter and a tool magazine. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the HAAS VF-1HE-D vertical machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Electrical • Voltage: 400 V • Frequency: 50/60 Hz • Short circuit capacity: 10,000 A • Enclosure type: NEMA Type 2 (indoor use) • CNC / Control • HAAS CNC control • Control version: Aug 4, 2020 • Software release: 100.20.000.1101 • MOCON: 1.16.K • Machine data • Tool changes: 30,278 • Power cycles: 711 • Power on time: 6,684 hours • Active features / options • Macros • Rotation & Scaling • Rigid Tapping • M19 Spindle Orient • High Speed Machining • VPS Editing • Media Display • Max memory: 1 GB • Wireless Networking • Compensation Tables • Tooling/ATC • Tool magazine (ATC) • Standard HAAS control Additional equipment • Renishaw OTS tool setter Laodoy Hrq Uspfx Aiwsb • Machine vise

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2006, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 1,016 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 635 mm, rapid traverse X-axis: 25 m/min, rapid traverse Y-axis: 25 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 25 m/min, controller manufacturer: HAAS, controller model: HAAS, table width: 1,219 mm, table length: 547 mm, spindle nose: BT40, number of spindles: 1, number of slots in tool magazine: 21, Equipment: chip conveyor, documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, The machine is set up in our warehouse and can be inspected under power! The machine is equipped with: chip conveyor, internal cooling, programmable coolant nozzle, 21-position tool changer, coolant tank, and original documentation. Lasdpfjyybimjx Aiwob

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, Vertical Multi-Operation Machine 40-kona type VF-4-EU Machine travel X 1270 mm Y 508 mm Z 635 mm - Direct-driven spindle 8100 rpm (22.4 kW) - Tool magazine 20 pockets - 15" LCD screen - Media Display (Documents/Images via screen) - Haas-Connect (Machine status via mobile app) - USB port Ljdpfx Aioyybmlswoab - 32GB memory - Wifi - Ethernet - Synchronized threading - Coolant system 208 liters - Key memory lock - Power outage detection module Chip conveyor screw type Automatic air blowing Prepared for coolant through the spindle Programmable coolant nozzle BT-40 option

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2003, travel distance X-axis: 1,626 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,016 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 762 mm, spindle speed (max.): 7,500 rpm, spindle motor power: 15,000 W, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis HAAS VF-8 vertical machining center was manufactured in 2003. It features a 1626 x 1016 x 762 mm travel range, a 15.4 kW spindle power, and a maximum spindle speed of 7500 rpm. Equipped with a BT-40 tool holder, a 24+1 position tool changer, and a screw-type chip conveyor. If you are looking to get high-quality milling capabilities consider the HAAS VF-8 machine we have for sale. Contact us for more information. • Distance spindle–table: 102 mm • Max cutting feed: 12 m/min • Rapid feed (X/Y/Z): 18 m/min • Tool changer type: Random vertical • Tool magazine capacity: 24 + 1 positions • CNC memory: 1 MB Lajdex D H Ruopfx Aiwob • Monitor: 15" color • Data interface: RS232 • Rigid tapping: Yes • Options/features included: • 2-speed gearbox spindle • 4th axis drive and wiring • Intuitive programming system • Coordinate rotation system • Macro variables and scaling functions • Programmable coolant nozzle • Internal work light Additional equipment • Screw-type chip conveyor Technical Specification Taper Size BT 40

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2008, travel distance X-axis: 1,270 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 635 mm, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 22,400 W, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis HAAS VF-4SS vertical machining center was manufactured in 2008. It features a 1270 × 508 × 635 mm travel range, 22.4 kW spindle power, and a maximum spindle speed of 12,000 rpm. The machine includes a 40 + 1 position tool changer and a high-speed machining package. If you are looking to get high-quality milling capabilities, consider the HAAS VF-4SS machine we have for sale. Contact us for more information. • Distance spindle–table: 102 mm • Tool holder taper: CT40 (DIN 69871) • Max cutting feed: 20.5 m/min • Rapid feed (X/Y/Z): 35.6 m/min • Tool changer type: Random vertical • Tool magazine capacity: 40 + 1 positions • Data interface: USB • Options/Features: • Through-spindle coolant system (21 bar) • 4th axis drive and wiring (prepared for 4th axis) • Intuitive programming system Lajdpfxox D Irms Aiweb • Dual spindle orientation • Coordinate rotation system • Macro variables and scaling functions • High-speed machining package Additional equipment • Screw-type chip conveyor • Auxiliary high-pressure filtration system

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2022, operating hours: 105 h, functionality: fully functional, Haas ST50 Horizontal Turning Machine Slant Bed Lathe. Bought new directly from Haas and installed in Early 2023. As a "last of line" model from Haas (which they've yet to make this size since), this machine is fully loaded and as you can see from the build list below it is very well spec'd. It also only has 105 hours use. Viewing advised and welcome at our workshop in Canterbury, Kent. Videos can be sent and or uploaded to Youtube also. Lodpfx Aiexrf Stsweab This machine and others we are selling are also listed else where. Please get in touch with us at Showan Hydraulics, Barham, Kent if you require any further details. £325,000 + VAT PRODUCT OVERVIEW • Maximum Capacity: 25.5" x 80" (648 x 2032 mm) • Spindle Bore: 8.5" (216 mm) • Swing Over Bed: 34.5" (876 mm) • Main Drive: 55 hp (41 kW) vector drive • Spindle Speed: 1200 rpm, 2-speed gearbox • Spindle Nose: Front and rear A2-15 • Chucks: 25" (635 mm) Manual 3-Jaw and 4-Jaw Chucks • Turret: 12-station bolt-on turret • Tailstock: Programmable servo with MT6 quill • Control System: 15" touchscreen interface with USB port, memory lock keyswitch, and colour remote jog handle • Additional Features: Rigid tapping and variable flow coolant pump _____ STANDARD FEATURES • Bolt-On Toolholder Kit: Comprehensive set of toolholders, sleeves, coolant block, and turning stick clamps for flexible setup. • 1200-RPM Spindle: Powerful 55 hp (41 kW) A2-15 spindle with 2-speed gearbox for optimal torque and speed. • Program Memory: 1 GB onboard memory for program storage and backup. • Coolant System: 95-gallon (360 L) tank with 3/4 hp (0.6 kW) pump del

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2014, HAAS VF2 Laedpfoy Icw Iox Aiweb Year of manufacture: 2014

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2014, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 1111074, travel distance X-axis: 1,524 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 660 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 635 mm, table length: 1,575 mm, spindle speed (max.): 7,500 rpm, No reserve price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel X-axis: 1,524 mm Travel Y-axis: 660 mm Travel Z-axis: 635 mm Table size: 1,575 x 584 mm Spindle speed: 7,500 rpm Spindle taper: CAT40 MACHINE DETAILS Control: Haas Motor power: 30 HP Laedpfxeyf E D Re Aiweb EQUIPMENT 20-position tool changer (ATC)

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, x-travel 1016 mm y-travel 508 mm Ljdpfx Aoy Aphisiwoab z-travel 635 mm Control HAAS spindle turning speed range 8000 U/min spindle taper 40 table-size 1219 x 457 mm table load 1,588 t Working speed 16,5 m/min tool piece magazine with 24 total power requirement 22,4 kW weight of the machine ca. 6,3 t dimensions of the machine ca. TBH 2,48 x3,15 x2,5 (2,9) m Well-maintained machine with only 1,603 operating hours - Includes 4th axis HAAS HRT310 - Includes tailstock for 4th axis - Includes Renishaw HAAS WIPS Wireless Intuitive Probing System - Includes 48 tool holders, some with tools - Includes chip conveyor - Includes internal spindle coolant - Includes programmable coolant nozzle - Includes USB interface - Includes network connection

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2006, Vertical machining centre, Haas VF-5B/40HE, year 2006. Laodjy Ia Ikspfx Aiwjb

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 4,101 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 1159962, Equipment: chip conveyor, HAAS VF 5 SS VERTICAL MACHINING CENTRE YEAR 2019 SPINDLE SPRRED 12,000 RPM TRAVELS - X AXIS - 1270 MM Y AXIS - 660 MM Z AXIS - 635 MM TABLE SIZE 1321 X 584 MM Lodpfx Aiew N Nw Asweab THROUGH SPINDLE COOLANT HIGH SPEED MACHINING 40 TAPER RIGIT TAP 30 ATC 4TH AXIS ENABLED SWARF AUGER HOURS IS ON THE PHOTOS

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2014, functionality: fully functional, HAAS control (LCD screen, intuitive programming) Table size 914 x 356 mm Table load capacity 680 kgs X-axis travel 762 mm Y-axis travel 406 mm Z-axis travel 508 mm Spindle speed 12000 rpm Rapid traverse X/Y/Z = 35,6 m/min Tool magazine 24+1 positions (arm type) Spindle power 22.4 kW Spindle taper SK40 Machine weight approx. 3 630 kg Dimensions (L x W x H): 2 500 x 2 400 x 2 600 mm Lodpfxsy Ifbcj Aiwjab Accessories, equipment - Electric MPG - Coolant system - Internal coolant supply - Chip auger - RENISHAW infrared tool measuring system with probe - 4th axis preparation - Power failure detection - Machine manuals - Machine mounts The machine is in very good condition and still powered on. It was purchased as a new machine in Hungary. It was used in clean and professional environment.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2014, operating hours: 5,327 h, travel distance X-axis: 762 mm, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis HAAS VF-2SS was manufactured in 2014. It features advanced capabilities including tool measuring and a probe for enhanced precision. With a feed cutting time of 5327 hours, this vertical machining centre is designed for efficient operations. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the HAAS VF-2SS machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • IKZ • Probe • Tool measuring • Axis configuration: 3 axes (X/Y/Z) • Frequency: 50 / 60 Hz • Short circuit interrupting capacity: 10,000 A • Short circuit current: 5,000 A RMS symmetrical • Arc flash rating: • 208-240 VAC models: HRC-1 • 360-480 VAC models: HRC-2 • Feed cutting time: 5327 h Ljdsyux Saepfx Aiweab