Used Hankook Vertical Turret Lathe for sale (12,599)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1973, functionality: unexamined, Vertical Turret Lathe - Double Column | Brand: TITAN | Type: SC 2500 Year of manufacture: 1973; modernization in 2011 to Siemens SINUMERIK 840D sl control system The machine is a ‘TITAN’ model, i.e. from a Romanian manufacturer. However, the design is licensed from SCHIESS in Düsseldorf and is therefore comparable to the well-known SCHIESS machines from that period. The machine was professionally disassembled by technicians from the machine manufacturer SCHIESS, properly preserved and placed in storage by the owner. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS / EQUIPMENT: - Faceplate diameter: 2.500 mm - Swing diameter: 2.600 mm - Max. workpiece weight: 12 tons - Turning height: 1.600 mm - Number of turning supports / RAMs: 2 * Ram dimensions: 250 x 210 mm each - Main drive: 55 kW EQUIPMENT: - CNC control: Siemens SINUMERIK 840D sl - Tool turret (right) - Chip conveyor Dimensions / Weight: - Installation area: 5.600 x 4.800 mm Ijdpfjzlb H Tox Am Deih - Hall space inc. operating and service areas: approx. 7.000 x 7.000 mm - Machine height: 6.200 mm - Machine weight: approx. 45 tons There is no guarantee for correctness and completeness of the technical details and accessories. - Subject to prior sale -

Condition: used, Table Size 72” Machine swing 84” Table speed Range 3.8 to 83 rpm. Feed range .005” to 0.250” per rev. Max Height under cross slide 48” Max Height under turret 48” Ram Travel 38” 4 Std jaws Main motor 40hp Iodpfezkkcujx Am Djih Newall 2 Axis Digital Read Out

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2011, functionality: fully functional, We offer you: CNC vertical turning lathe Manufacturer: EMAG Type: VTC 250 Year of manufacture: 2011 / 2012 Control: Siemens 840D sl Technical data: Max. turning diameter: 250 mm Max. turning length: 630 / 730 mm Max. swing diameter: 140 / 260 mm Iiodpfszdbtfsx Am Djh Main spindle: Max. speed: 3,500 / 4,000 rpm Max. torque: 256 Nm Spindle bore: 50 / 52 mm Chuck diameter: 250 mm Tool turret: Number of turrets: 2 Max. tool weight: 10 kg Max. tool length: 90 mm Max. workpiece weight: 20 kg Feeds: Rapid traverse (x / z): 40 / 30 m/min Total power requirement: 45 kW Machine weight: approx. 14 / 16 tons There are 2 units manufactured in 2011 and 1 unit manufactured in 2012 available. Technical features & accessories: - Year of manufacture 2011: Number of bed and cross slides: 2 - Year of manufacture 2012: Number of bed and cross slides: 1 - Tool monitoring - Protective guard - Collision monitoring - In-process quality control - Central coolant supply (not included) - Chip conveyor Accessories, tools and clamping devices shown in the pictures are only included in the scope of delivery if this is noted in the additional information. Subject to changes and errors in technical data and specifications, as well as prior sale!

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2013, functionality: fully functional, The FAMAR TANDEM 400 is a powerful CNC vertical lathe with two independent machining stations. The machine is equipped with driven tools, automatic workpiece loading and unloading, a measuring probe, high-pressure coolant, and coolant filtration. The tandem design enables efficient series production and the simultaneous use of two separate machining stations. Main technical parameters: Standard chuck diameter: 400 mm Maximum chuck diameter: 400 mm Nominal turning diameter: 300 mm Maximum turning diameter: 400 mm Maximum turning length: 480 mm Maximum turning length: 300 mm Number of main spindles: 2 Max. main spindle speed: 4,000 rpm Rated power of main electric spindle: 49.6 kW Rated torque: 458 Nm S6 40% power: 61.7 kW S6 40% torque: 724 Nm Machine dimensions: approx. 3,900 × 3,500 × 3,200 mm Machine weight: approx. 21,000 kg Electrical connection: 400 V / 50 Hz Installed power: 90 kW CE compliant Tooling equipment UTTUM50 – turret for driven tools, size 50 Max. driven tool speed: 8,000 rpm Torque: 100 Nm Power: 15.6 kW UTDUM50 – turret tool disk Size VDI 50 12 tool positions Direct tool drive PPP40 – preparation for 2 hydraulic circuits For special workpiece clamping Piping and valves Control via M-functions Automation TRPAPE20 – 1 automatic circulating pallet conveyor for loading and unloading workpieces A single conveyor system for both workpiece infeed and outfeed Circulating pallet magazine Belt design Pallet occupancy monitoring system Pallet sorting system Working height approx. 950 mm Automatic workpiece loading and unloading via the machine TRPNVBPTE4 – Shuttle system with rotary station Loading/unloading shuttle system Integrated rotary station Including 1 set of jaws for the workpiece AZGRRB500 – set of jaws for Shuttle rotary station MPDM2 – automatic measuring probe Automatic workpiece measurement Coolant, filtration, and chip removal LBCVTT50 – belt conveyor for chips Separate conveyor for chip removal Particularly suitable for short chips, such as cast iron, brass, and some aluminum alloys LBVA760 – coolant tank Volume 760 l LBAP10 – high-pressure pump Pressure 20 bar Iedpez Dq N Ejfx Am Djih Internal tool cooling LBFTC – paper filter for coolant Suitable for cast iron and aluminum Filtration of particles approx. 0.08 mm Flow rate max. 60 l/min LBFTTDF – double switchable filter Filtration of particles approx. 0.1 mm Bypass system allowing filter cartridge replacement AZPL – air workpiece position control Additional equipment: CNC control Siemens 840D sl 2 main spindles Driven tools C-axis 12-position turret VDI 50 1 automatic workpiece pallet conveyor Shuttle system with rotary station Automatic measuring probe Separate belt conveyor for chips High-pressure cooling 20 bar Coolant filtration Hydraulic clamping circuits Central lubrication Complete safety guarding CE The machine is particularly suitable for automated series production of rotational parts, where the two independent machining stations, driven tools, and automatic workpiece handling can be utilized.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1994, turning diameter 1250 mm swing diameter 1160 mm turning height 800 mm faceplate diameter 1000 mm total power requirement 97 kW weight of the machine ca. 25000 t dimensions of the machine ca. m P I T T L E R (Germany) CNC Controlled Vertical Turning and Milling Centre With Tool Changer and Pallet Changer Model PV 1250 / 1-1 Year 1994 _____ Turning Ø max. 1,000 mm Swing Ø max. 1,160 mm Turning length 800 mm X Axis - horizontal 1,300 mm Y Axis - vertical 800 mm Feed / quick feed 16,000 mm/min Main spindle speeds 10 - 1,000 rpm ! Main spindle speeds via separate C Axis 0.1 - 16 rpm Positioning accuracy of C Axis 360° + / - 5 " Tool holder ISO 50 Tool drive 22 kW Max. torque / spindle speed 315 Nm / 2,500 rpm Pallet size 630 x 630 mm Spindle drive 63 kW Total electrical load 97 kW - 400 V - 50 Hz Weight, approx. 25,000 kg Accessories / Special Features * CNC Contouring Control Model NUM 760 TX in 3 axes, with graphics, menu-guided dialogue programming, and all the usual options, cycles and sub-programs; with tool compensation, thread cutting cycles, constant speed programming, etc. * 2-axis CNC tool slide (1,300 x 800 mm) with driven tool holders, ISA 50 / 22 kW. * Tool changer with 16 tool holders, max. length 450 mm, max. weight 40 kg. * Pallet changing system, pallet size 630 x 630 mm, with setup station with indexing and drive of the pallet, and 2 separate pallet stations. * 3 pallets, 630 x 630 mm. * 3-jaw chuck, Ø 650 mm. * Face plate, Ø 900 mm. * Chip conveyor. * Band filter coolant equipment. * Completely covered working area, including safety fence for the pallet changing area. * Separate switch cabinet. * Operating manual. * Approx. 20 tool holders. * Various other accessories. High performance universal turning and milling centre for full range of machining (turning, boring, drilling, milling, and threading) with high speeds and high turning volume. Condition : Good to very good. Machine can soon be inspected under power. Delivery : Ex stock as inspected Iodpfxjt Hwy Se Am Dsih Payment : Net, after conclusion of contract Thank you for your interest. We have a selection of modern lathes available. Please let us know your requirements

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, VERTICAL TURNING LATHE FRORIEP KZ 250 TABLE DIAMETER: 2500 MM Iodpfezzv T Hox Am Deih MAXIMUM TURNING DIAMETER: 2800 MM MAXIMUM WORKPIECE HEIGHT: 1650 MM RAM TRAVEL: 1000 MM TOOL CHANGER: 15 POSITIONS CNC CONTROL: ECS 4801 MACHINE IS INSTALLED AND OPERATIONAL

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1961, turning diameter Max. 4200 mm faceplate diameter 3700 mm turning height Max. 2600 mm workpiece weight Max. 35 t Iedpeuddnvofx Am Dsih Power 80 PS DIGITAL CONTROL DISPLAY Largest diameter with the crossbeam supports: 4200mm Largest turning diameter with side support: 3900mm Largest turning height above faceplate: 2500 Side support 1 vertical grinding ram: 1200mm stroke (out of operation) 1 turning ram: 1400mm stroke

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1963, Vertical lathe JUNGENTHAL Type: DK 1400 built in 1963 with 1 axis digital readout. turning diameter max : 1400 mm face plate : 1250 mm Automatic turret head Iijdpfxsvi Hryj Am Dsh spindle speed : 3,5-180 rpm feeds : 0,063 - 3,15 mm/rev rapid traverse : 1800 mm/min Further data see data sheet Machine documentation available . Dimensions : Length 4 m Width 2,4 m Height 3 m Weight 16t Good general condition .

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2014, operating hours: 367 h, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 2,845 mm, turning diameter: 1,150 mm, total height: 1,890 mm, total length: 6,740 mm, total width: 2,205 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 5,000 kg, overall weight: 9,170 kg, Equipment: documentation/manual, Hankook Protec 9NC 3000 Flat Bed CNC Lathe — 2014 Year: 2014 Machine: Hankook Protec 9NC 3000 Type: Flat Bed CNC Lathe Running Hours: 367 hours Iisdpfx Amjzvgaye Deh Available for sale is a 2014 Hankook Protec 9NC 3000 Flat Bed CNC Lathe, showing just 367 hours. The machine is supplied with all three steady rests, making this a very well-equipped machine and an excellent opportunity for anyone looking for a heavy-duty CNC turning centre with very low hours. Key Features Hankook Protec 9NC 3000 2014 model Only 367 hours ! Flat bed CNC lathe 3 x steady rests included 3 Jaw and 4 Jaw Chucks Heavy-duty construction Suitable for a wide range of turning applications Low-hour machine Safety platform included Turning diameter over bed: Ø1150 mm Turning diameter over carriage: Ø830 mm Maximum turning length: 2845 mm Spindle bore: Ø105 mm Maximum turning weight: 5000 kg A very clean, low-hour example of a Hankook Protec 9NC 3000, complete with all three steady rests. Contact us for further information, photographs, specifications or to arrange an inspection.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2015, workpiece weight (max.): 20,000 kg, spindle motor power: 90,000 W, spindle speed (max.): 75 rpm, turning diameter: 4,000 mm, turning height: 1,900 mm, New 2015. Purchased 2022 for a project was cancelled before commissioning was completed and the machine has not been used in any production after commissioning. Very full documentation is available upon request Main specification details. Turning diameter 3600mm. Maximum turning height 1900mm. Maximum table load 20,000kgs. Table speeds are infinitely variable between 14rpm and 75rpm. Table drive motor 90KW AC. Table torque to 61168NM. Z axis thrust 36000NM. X and Z axes traverse rates 1-5000mm/min. Ram is 320mm diameter Isdpsy Uxdkofx Am Doih Price, ex works UK Midlands £330,000 VTT-WB can quote transport installation and commissioning

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2017, functionality: fully functional, Vertical turning lathe with a 2,200 mm table diameter and an approx. 2,500 mm swing diameter. The base machine is from the Chinese manufacturer QQHR (well-known manufacturer). The entire electrical system, including the main motor, servo drives, control cabinet, and PLC, was completely renewed and professionally overhauled by Paulmann (Germany) in 2017. Iiodpeycgxkefx Am Doh

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2018, Ref. -No.: 10531 Manufacturer: HONOR SEIKI Type: VL - 400CM Year of construction: 2018 Type of control: CNC-Steuerung Control: Siemens SINUMERIK 840D Storage location: Halberstadt Country of origin: Taiwan Machine-No.: 79XXX C-Axis: Yes C-axis speed: 50 - 2250 RPM Turning Height: 2370 mm Table Diameter: 4000 mm Rapid Travel Speed X-Axis: 10 m / min Rapid Travel Speed Z-Axis: 10 m / min Rotate table rotation speed: 1 - 85 RPM Max. Workpiece Weight: 30 kg Max. Turning diameter: 4 mm Distance between faceplate and crossbar support: 820-3320 mm Work feed: mm / min Number of tools in the chain magazine: 24 Crossbar adjustment: 300 x 300 mm Spindle motor drive: AC60/75/100 kW Servo motors (X/Z axes): 5,5 / 5,5 kW Machine length: 9 mm Machine width: 7000 mm Machine Height: 8000/9100 mm Weight Of The Machine Ca.: 115 t Further information: - 2-stage gear change - ATC (Automatic Tool Change) 16/20/24 - Tool size 25 x 32 x 40 Iiodpfxjzx Nx Ds Am Dsh - Driven tool motor AC15/18.5 Machine is still in production and can be inspected by appointment.

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, Two machines with extensive equipment and an attractive accessory package! Iedpfxsz Tc Iyo Am Dsih Both machines share a common chip conveyor, which ensures efficient chip removal. In addition, a coolant tank has been retrofitted, which provides a valuable extension to the equipment. A particular advantage is the comprehensive accessory package: the scope of delivery includes various tool holders, clamping jaws, and a new driven tool (AGW).

Condition: good (used), Ward turret lathe Chuck diameter: 200 mm Turning diameter bed: 290 mm Support turning diameter: 170 mm Stroke: 185 mm Clearance: 32 mm Iedpfxsq H Aqqo Am Djih Dimensions: 205x105x135 cm LxWxH

Condition: repair required (used), Year of construction: 1985, functionality: limited functionality, machine/vehicle number: 11710519, spindle bore: 1,250 mm, spindle motor power: 56,000 W, quill travel distance: 1,000 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 1,600 kg, Equipment: documentation/manual, Basic machine information Machine type: CNC vertical lathe Manufacturer and model: Schiess AG - Schiess Moweg GmbH; Type 12DS100 Schiess Year of manufacture: 1985 Ijdpezvnbxefx Am Doih Serial number: 11710519 Technical condition: Machine is operational; used, requires repair Technical specifications Working range: Table dimensions - Pallet D=1000 [mm], max. turning height H=800 [mm], max. turning diameter D=1250 [mm] Tailstock stroke S=1000 [mm]; adjustable cross slide - positioning every P=500 [mm] Table load capacity: 1600 kg Control system type: Siemens - Sinumerik 840 D Main drive power - 56 kW; Maximum spindle speed: 500 rpm Axis positioning accuracy: 0.02 [mm] - axis measuring system: optical scales Axis feed rate - "rapid": 6000 mm/min Axis feed rate - "working": 0.1 - 2000 mm/min Coolant - yes - through the tool Number of axes: 2-axis lathe Drive type: servo drives Additional equipment Tool magazine: 12 positions Material feeding system: loading station at the pallet magazine Palletizing system - 2-pallet magazine; pallet loading station; machine table - total of 2 pallets Chip transport system - yes Cooling system - control cabinet air conditioning - yes Operating manual - paper version in Polish and German, digital version in German

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2003, operating hours: 8,000 h, functionality: fully functional, feed length X-axis: 3,500 mm, feed length Y-axis: 2,800 mm, feed length Z-axis: 1,500 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 35,000 kg, spindle motor power: 120,000 W, spindle speed (max.): 4,000 rpm, turning diameter: 4,000 mm, total height: 3,100 mm, rotational speed (max.): 180 rpm, workpiece diameter (max.): 4,000 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, A STARRAG DORRIES 2VC2800/280MC-FC-V CONTUMAT High-Production 4/5 AXIS Vertical Turning Centre with Siemens 840D cnc This is not a machining centre with a turning table but a real high power, heavy duty vertical turning machine with the high power turning table on a massive base with guideways to provide a Y axis This configuration enables the machine to turn a round component to its maximum diameter and machine a square component to a similar dimension – and many more possibilities in between Iodsy Uwg Rspfx Am Dsih If a DS CNC swivelling head would be purchased from DS this machine is ready for huge 5 axis work. For large precise and complex components in these industries this is the perfect ‘one stop’ machine Defence, Aero Engine, Nuclear, Turbines, Rail, Oil and Gas, Pumps, Gearboxes, Rockets etc. 12 month guarantee. PAYMENT PLAN AVAILABLE

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, CNC Vertical Wheel Lathe for Alloy and Steel Wheel Refurbishment A modern CNC vertical lathe designed specifically for the professional refurbishment of alloy and steel wheels. The machine enables fast and precise restoration of the original factory finish, whether the wheel has suffered mechanical damage, corrosion, or welding repairs. Its vertical design provides the operator with full control over the machining process, while the rigid, heavy-duty base ensures exceptional accuracy even when machining large wheels. It is the ideal solution for tire service centers, wheel refurbishment companies, automotive detailing businesses, and small-batch manufacturing operations. Iedpfxozpww As Am Deih Unlike a conventional universal lathe adapted for wheel machining, this machine has been engineered exclusively for wheel refurbishment. This provides several key advantages: Shorter machining time per wheel Minimal cutting tool wear Superior surface finish without chatter marks or waviness Fast and easy operator training The finished surface matches the original factory diamond-cut appearance, allowing workshops to offer premium refurbishment services while significantly increasing profitability. Key Benefits Suitable for passenger car and light commercial vehicle wheels High-precision reproduction of the original diamond-cut finish Quick workpiece setup and intuitive operation Consistent, repeatable machining results on every wheel Heavy, vibration-resistant machine construction Increased profitability of wheel refurbishment services Technical Specifications Parameter Specification Maximum Turning Diameter 700 mm Maximum Wheel Diameter 660 mm Maximum Chuck Diameter 670 mm Spindle Speed 50–1200 rpm Feed Rate 0.1–1000 mm/min Vertical Travel (Z Axis) 550 mm Horizontal Travel (X Axis) ±330 mm Rapid Traverse (X Axis) 3000 mm/min Rapid Traverse (Z Axis) 3000 mm/min Tool Size 25 × 25 mm Motor Power 4 kW Machine Weight 1200 kg Overall Dimensions 1300 × 1250 × 1960 mm Applications Removal of curb rash, scratches, and surface damage Wheel preparation for painting or polishing Restoration of diamond-cut decorative surfaces Refurbishment of wheels after straightening and welding Machining of new wheels for low-volume production Equipment (Depending on Configuration) Special wheel chuck Software package with wheel profile optimization Touch probe measurement system Automatic lubrication system 4-position tool turret Operator training and technical support Full CE compliance

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2009, turning height: 1,280 mm, total height: 5,600 mm, total width: 3,850 mm, total length: 4,260 mm, rotary table diameter: 1,400 mm, workpiece diameter (max.): 1,600 mm, overall weight: 21,500 kg, CNC Vertical lathe Fremtas - 16FR3 MACH-ID 9467 Make: Fremtas Type: 16FR3 Control: FAGOR 8055 TC Year: 2009 Work load 6300 Kg Cross rail adjustment 660 mm Feed rate cross rail 0 - 400 mm/Min Feed rate 0 - 3000 mm/Min Rapid feed 0 - 8000 mm/Min Central lubrication Chip conveyor RAM with Sandvik COROMONT C8 Tooling C8 with double connector Ca 10 units CAPTO Tool system 4 extra heavy duty jaws Max. turning Ø: 1600mm Table Ø: 1400mm Horizontal movement support:1000mm Speeds / ranges: 1 - 200Rpm Power: 75kW Maximum turning height: 1280mm Vertical movement support: 700mm Length: 4260mm Width: 3850mm Isdpsy Htiljfx Am Doih Height: 5600mm Weight: 21500kg Please Note: The information on this page has been obtained to the best of our ability and belief, and from the manufacturers where possible. It is given in good faith, but its accuracy can not be guaranteed. Accordingly, it will not form a representation or constitute contractual terms. We advise you to check any vital details!

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Vertical lathe BERTHIEZ Iiedpfx Amoy Egb Ss Djh Brand: BERTHIEZ Table diameter: 2550 mm Max. turning diameter: 2800 mm Machinable height: 2300 mm Max. load: 25 t Speeds: 1 - 160 rpm Floor dimensions: 4000 x 4000 mm

Condition: used, Control: Fagor Iodpjvzqm Esfx Am Deih Faceplate: 5420 mm Turning diameter: 6540 mm Max. turning height: 3500 mm Support (ram) stroke vertical: 1680 mm Support (ram) stroke horizontal: 3250 mm Workpiece weight: 60 tons Machine weight: 190 tons approx. Hydrostatic faceplate

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2008, spindle speed (max.): 6,000 rpm, overall weight: 6,500 kg, Fanuc 18ITB parts diameter 130 mm, length 110 mm Iiodpox Irzvofx Am Doh spindle speed 7500 rpm 12-station turret max tool speed 6000 rpm power 24 kW, chip conveyor

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1963, functionality: fully functional, Single-Column Vertical Turret Lathe | Jungenthal DK 1400 The machine was overhauled in 1996, recently cleaned, and is in good condition. - Faceplate diameter: 1,200 mm - Swing diameter: 1,500 mm - Turning height: 1,300 mm - Cross slide travel: 800 mm - Side slide horizontal traverse: 550 mm Ijdpfx Amsyft Ahs Djih - Heidenhain Positip 855 digital readout - New operator panel - Various accessories Inspection is possible at any time by appointment.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2009, turning height: 3,500 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 20,000 kg, turning diameter: 3,400 mm, faceplate diameter: 2,950 mm, workpiece diameter (max.): 3,300 mm, SCHIESS CNC VERTICAL TURNING CENTER FAGOR 8070 (C-AXIS + POWER TOOL) TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Iisdpfoxh Hmkjx Am Dsh Brand: Schiess Model: TVMF 320-3000 Year: 2009 Max. turning diameter: 3400 mm Max. turning height: 2580 mm Load capacity: 20 tons C-axis (0.001 deg) CNC: Fagor 8070 (70 Kw) Chuck diameter: 2950 mm Distance between columns: 3300 mm Angular milling head Machine in full working order PRICE AND FURTHER INFORMATION AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST (CNC, SIEMENS, HASS, LAGUN, FAGOR, CINCINNATI, HEIDENHAIN, MACHINING, PINACHO, MORISEIKI, MILLING MACHINE, TURNING CENTER, GRINDER, BORING MACHINE, PRESS, LASER, SHEAR, PRESS BRAKE)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1975, Turret lathe HESTIKA Type:HR42 built approx. 1975 Spindle capacity max : 42 mm with turret head and tool holder Multifix Type:B Spindle speed: 88 - 2800 rpm Collet chuck device, coolant device, machine documentation. Machine in good condition . Iiedpfxovgbqfe Am Doh

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2006, functionality: fully functional, spindle speed (max.): 2,000 rpm, turning diameter: 750 mm, total height: 700 mm, VERTICAL LATHE CNC FANUC 0ITC Turning capacity Turning Ø: 750 mm Turning height: 700 mm I° Spindle Spindle nose: A2-11 iso Chuck diameter: 500 mm Spindle speed: 2000 giri/min I° Turret Iiodpfxjznbqko Am Djh Tools holder: 8 nr. With one chuck Autoblok 3 jaws Ø 500 mm, ASA 11, Automatic doors, ZF gear range.