Used Ixion- Auerbach Deephole Boring Machine for sale (65,838)

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, 21 spindles Kdodpfezz N Tmox Aa Rst spindles right/left table dimensions 840x440mm 2 pneumatic clamps spindles span 32mm pedal control pneumatic setting vertical/horizontal

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, 23 spindles left/right spindles 3 pneumatic clamps Kdsdpszz N S Njfx Aa Rjt spindles span 32mm pedal control CE

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, 29 spindles left/right spindles Kdodpfx Aaszz N S Ae Rst spindles span 32mm horizontal or vertical drilling setting of depth of drilling pneumtatic movement of drilling head

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2021, functionality: fully functional, total height: 2,000 mm, total length: 7,000 mm, total width: 2,500 mm, type of input current: three-phase, workpiece weight (max.): 5,760 kg, table height: 900 mm, working range: 6,000 mm, working width: 2,000 mm, cutting height (max.): 900 mm, sheet thickness (max.): 60 mm, sheet thickness steel (max.): 60 mm, working length: 6,000 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, Fully functional plasma cutting machine in good condition for sale due to a change in equipment type. Ksdpfxeyid Awe Aa Redt

Condition: excellent (used), Drilling capacity -16mm Kdjdpfx Ajq Dlznea Rjt MK2 Spindle taper Drilling depth max. 485mm table 590 x 350 mm, 360° turnable Misc. Accessories Marcels Maschinen AG

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1990, functionality: fully functional, CNC Table Type Boring and Milling Machine - Horizontal | Brand: UNION Type: BFT 105 | Year of construction: 1990 Machining operations: Boring, reaming, deep boring, precision boring, reaming, countersinking, tapping, milling, circular milling, thread milling. The machine can be inspected under power by prior appointment. Condition: Very well-maintained, second-hand / operating condition. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: - Travels: - X-axis (table transverse movement): 1.750 mm - Y-axis (headstock vertical movement): 1.250 mm - Z-axis (table longitudinal movement): 1.175 mm - B-axis (table positioning): 360° - W-axis (boring spindle axial adjustment): 450 mm Clamping table: - Clamping surface: 1.250 x 1.400 mm - Maximum workpiece weight with centric clamping: 4 tons - T-slot spacing: 125 mm - T-slot width: 22H7 mm - Centring bore: 250 mm Boring spindle: - Diameter: 105 mm - Axial adjustment: NC-controlled - Tool holder: * with tapered shank: A 50 TGL 7837 * with steep taper: A 50 DIN 2080 * with clamping bolts: UNION 95-2805 (A 50 TGL 42620) DIN 69872-28 Speed ranges: - 3 continuously variable ranges: 4 – 2.500 rpm - Drive power: 23,7 kW - Max. spindle torque: 2.500 Nm Feed rates: Continuously variable feed range - X, Y, Z axes: 1 – 5.000 mm/min Kedpfx Aajzlal Ie Rodt - Rapid traverse, X, Y, Z-axes: 10.000 mm/min W-axis: 5.000 mm/min B-axis: 3,2 rpm - Max. feed force: X and Y-axes: 16.000 N Z-axis: 25.000 N Specifications: - Total connected load: 50 kW/130 A - Voltage/frequency: 380 V/50 Hz - Machine weight (approx.): 17 tons - Dimensions: 6.560 x 4.370 x 3.450 mm EQUIPMENT: - 5-axis path control: Heidenhain TNC 355 - Swivelling control panel with central control station - Electronic handwheel - Other comprehensive ranges of accessories, such as tool holders, drill bits, milling cutters, and tool trolleys and cabinets ... - Comprehensive documentation available (foundation plan, circuit diagrams, hydraulic documentation, operating instructions and spare parts lists, programming lists) No guarantee is given for the completeness and accuracy of the technical information and equipment. - Subject to prior sale -

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1989, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 508678, drilling depth: 80 mm, total width: 820 mm, total length: 1,350 mm, total height: 1,400 mm, overall weight: 450 kg, number of spindles: 21, power: 2.2 kW (2.99 HP), Universal dowel hole and line boring machine, dowel hole drilling machine, dowel drilling machine Manufacturer: Scheer Year of manufacture: 1989 Type: DB-5 Weight approx.: 450 kg Machine number: 508678 Dimensions: 1350 mm x 820 mm x H 1400 mm Kedpjwuuxkjfx Aa Rsdt Drilling beam length: 640 mm Spindle distance min. 32 mm, max. 640 mm 21 spindles Drilling depth: 80 mm Drilling beam pneumatically swivelling Motor power: 2.2 kW

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2004, Ref. -No.: 10604 Manufacturer: UNION Type: TC 110 Year of construction: 2004 Type of control: CNC-Steuerung Control: SINUMERIK 840 D Powerline Storage location: Halberstadt Country of origin: Germany X-Travel: 2000 mm Y-Travel: 1250 mm Z-Travel: 1000 mm W-Axis: 550 mm Table Height: 1050 mm Spindle Diameter: 110 mm Table Dimensions (Lengthxwidth): 1600 x 1250 mm Number of T-slots: 10 Max. Workpiece Weight: 6000 kg Clamping Area: 1250 mm T - groove width: 22 mm T - slot spacing: 125 mm Tool Taper: ISO 50 Max. Torque: 1639 Nm Feed Speeds X/Y/Z Axis: 6000 mm / min Rapid Traverse X-Axis: 15000 m / min Kdjdpfxezkpv Hj Aa Rjt Rapid Travel Y-Axis: 15000 m / min Rapid Traverse Z-Axis: 15000 m / min Feed Capacities X/Y/Z: 16000 x 16000 x 20000 N swivel angle: 360 ° Further information: Includes angle head 0,001° The machine can be viewed under power.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2022, New machine Year of manufacture: 2022 DESCRIPTION 21 drilling spindles with quick-change system; five quick-change chucks included in delivery Heavy-duty steel worktable; five quick-change chucks included in delivery Patented system for fast and easy adjustment of drilling depth via spiral disc Pneumatic drill head swiveling, allowing drilling in any position between 0° and 90° Fold-down cast iron side stops with round bar guide Side stops easily adjustable and lockable to millimeter scale using magnifier Height adjustment of drill head via counter Two positionable pneumatic clamping cylinders With a spindle center distance of 640 mm, it is possible to process two workpieces of 316 mm width each SCOPE OF DELIVERY Two pneumatic pressure cylinders Five quick-change chucks Two stop rails, each 1.5 m long Four fold-down stops for the stop rails One setting gauge for fine adjustment of the fold-down stops on the stop rails TECHNICAL DATA Dimensions and Weights Worktable length 885 mm Worktable width 332 mm Product length approx. 1015 mm Product width/depth approx. 990 mm Product height approx. 1270 mm Net weight approx. 260 kg Electrical Data Rated input power 1.5 kW Delivered power 1.1 kW Kdodpfx Aaew I Uqls Rot Motor duty cycle S3 Connection voltage 400 V Mains frequency 50 Hz Noise Emission Sound pressure level 78.3 dB(A) Pneumatic Connection Working pressure 6 – 8 bar Spindle Maximum drilling width 640 mm Maximum drilling depth at 90°: 65 mm Number of spindles: 21 Spindle distance 32 mm Center distance first to last spindle: 640 mm Spindle spacing sufficient for two workpieces of 316 mm each Spindle speed: 2800 rpm Drill head swivel range: 0 – 90° Maximum workpiece height: 130 mm Extraction Extraction nozzle diameter: 80 mm Including optional accessories: 2 pcs. Additional pneumatic pressure cylinders for MDB 21/23/29 PRO 17 pcs. Quick-change chucks for MDB 21/23/29 PRO 1 pc. Setting gauge for rear fence distance for MDB 21/23/29 PRO 1 pc. Reference pin for line drilling for MDB 21/23/29 PRO Location: Solingen Availability: Immediately

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 380 V, spindle mount: MK 3, total width: 600 mm, total length: 900 mm, total height: 1,900 mm, table width: 400 mm, table length: 550 mm, overall weight: 360 kg, spindle speed (max.): 2,800 rpm, spindle speed (min.): 160 rpm, spindle stroke: 150 mm, Equipment: rotational speed infinitely variable, type plate available, 3-phase 380V, 2-speed motor is running fine. Kedpewy Ec Djfx Aa Redt Stepless speed adjustment thanks to variomatic spindle drive. Spindle RPM adjustable from 160 up to 2800. MT3 spindle taper. Albrecht 1-13mm drill chuck included. Chuck eject tool included. Drilling depth adjustable. Maximum drilling depth: 150mm Table size: 550x400mm Table height adjustable. Weight: 360KG Overall dimensions: 90x60x190cm Made in Germany Overall good condition. Contact us for shipping possibilities! € 2,350.00

Condition: new, Number of boring motors 1 St. boring of corner bearing 1=yes, 0=no 1 ja boring of olive 1=yes, 0=no 1 ja Götzinger Olive drilling machine type OBM-PLUS (corner and scissor bearing + handle olive drilling) Pos. 1 ----- Vertical drilling unit with drill head quick-change device Pneumatic feed via foot valve 1 adjustable back stop 2 swiveling workpiece supports 1 machine stand complete with shelf 220/400V, 50Hz, 1.1KW Pos. 2 ----- Drill head BKF 3, 21.5 mm pitch, quick-changeable Drill holder M 10, cyl. right/left complete with stop system 2200 mm long Kdodpfx Aasygm Tcs Rot Total length with 10 folding stops adjusted to constant Grip size (olive drilling) Pos. 3 ----- 1 set of drills (for handle olives) consisting of: 2 dowel drills d = 10 left 1 artificial drill d = 25 (or according to your choice or manufacturer fittings) Pos. 4 ----- Drill head BKF 2/3 can be changed quickly 2/3 spindles for corner bearings drill on the loose frame part (Sigenia, Maco, Roto, Winkhaus, GU) complete with stop system with 2 folding stops Pos. 5 ----- Drill 2 cylinder head drills for corner bearings ----- Basic price in the above version Pos.1 - Pos.5 on request! ----- Special accessories with additional charge: -Folding stop per piece, EUR 110,00/piece -Stop system for central drilling, EUR 1,980.00 -chassis, EUR 920.00 -Roller conveyor right/left 1.5 m, 200 mm wide complete with 4 rollers each, EUR 1,940.00 -Conversion kit for PVC with steel insert Oil brake cylinder for uniform feed speed PVC support to prevent the profile from tipping over Reduction gear for low speed, EUR 1,790.00 -Drill set for PVC with steel insert, EUR 420.00 2 step drills d = 12 mm left 1 piece step drill d = 12 mm right -2 pieces of additional stops for the stop in the tilt window, EUR 180.00 -2 pieces of additional pneumatic stops for gripping the entire fighter groove, EUR 1,650.00 -2 pieces of additional pneumatic stops for gripping the dowel hole in the Fighter area complete, EUR 1,650.00 -4 additional pneumatic double stops for gripping the dowel hole in the fighter area complete, EUR 1,980.00 PS: If the dowel hole is in the middle, 1 stop on the right/left is sufficient. If the dowel hole is off center, you need 2 stops on the right/left. -Packaging 1 box Packaging 1 pallet with foil, on request ----- We will be happy to send you the price list with all options upon request. (Technical information according to manufacturer - no guarantee!)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 0-253-05-4317, workpiece height (max.): 60 mm, workpiece length (max.): 1,250 mm, workpiece width (max.): 800 mm, controller model: Powercontrol PC85T mit Woodwop software, TECHNICAL DETAILS Process: horizontal drilling – injecting adhesive – driving in dowels Workpiece length min/max: 20 mm / 1,250 mm Workpiece width min/max: 50 mm / 800 mm Workpiece thickness min/max: 10 mm / 60 mm MACHINE DETAILS Control system: Powercontrol PC85T with Woodwop software Dowels: 8 mm x 30 mm, 8 mm x 35 mm Kdedszhm Sgspfx Aa Rst Voltage: 400 V Frequency: 50 Hz Phases: 3-phase EQUIPMENT Drilling unit: 1 drilling and dowel insertion unit, freely programmable Z-axis manually adjustable Drilling depth manually adjustable Center stop pneumatically lowerable 4 vertical clamping cylinders Double diaphragm pump 1:1

Condition: used, TECHNICAL DETAILS CAPABILITIES - Movement on X-Y : 400 x 250 [mm] - Vertical slide stroke : 400 [mm] Kodpfxeuhbpro Aa Rjdt - Drilling spindle stroke : 130 [mm] - Clearance between spindle nose and table : 570 [mm] - Clearance between mount and spindle center : 320 [mm] TABLE - Useful surface : 595 x 320 [mm] - Movement X-X : automatic with ball screws - Drilling head - Internal taper : Morse 2 - Spindle speed : 60-3000 [rpm] - Spindle feed : 0.03-0.06 [mm/r] - Voltage : 3 x 380 V / 50 Hz - Installed power : 2.1 kW - Machine net weight : 1100 [kg] - Dimensions : 2050 x 1600 x 1900 [mm] EQUIPMENT - Digital display : X-Y - Circular table : Ø 300 - Machine lamp

Condition: good (used), Code: 0743 Brand: MASTERWOOD - ITALY Model: SPEEDY 207 - CE Standard Numerical control point to point boring machine for custom furniture manufacturing, kitchen furniture, bathroom furniture, and various processes - CE Standard Boring head with 5 vertical and 1 double horizontal independent chucks - Spindles rotation rpm 4500 Kdjdpfx Aaszp D Nls Rjt Saw for longitudinal cuts - Saw rotation rpm 6000 Machine table with 1390 x 750 mm boring capacity and two side jump up stops handled by the control unit to execute with only one program and one intermediate hold panels up to 2800 x 750 mm size Possibility of boring 2800 mm panels Vertical pneumatic tool displacement mm 60 Max panel thickness mm 50 Vacuum pump 16 m3/h for panel clamping Vacuum cup diameter mm 80 Clamping cylinders for narrow workpieces against fixed rear stops Multitasking control complete with interactive graphic programming, 9" video, boring programs, optimizing working cycle, graphic, parametric, diagnostic modes Safety protection: carpet sensitive to the presence of people Overall dimensions - Machine : mm 2500 x 1500 x 1800 h - Weight kg 860 Overall dimensions - Electric board : mm 800 x 550 x 1100 - Weight Kg 120

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2024, operating hours: 10 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 0-253-73-2182, total width: 1,503 mm, total length: 3,204 mm, total height: 1,900 mm, type of input current: three-phase, overall weight: 1,750 kg, rotational speed (max.): 24,000 rpm, spindle speed (max.): 7,500 rpm, input voltage: 400 V, workpiece height (max.): 80 mm, working width: 1,250 mm, number of spindles: 10, input frequency: 50 Hz, input current: 20 A, workpiece length (max.): 1,250 mm, workpiece width (max.): 800 mm, Equipment: rotational speed infinitely variable, We are offering this ex-demonstration machine, a HOMAG DRILLTEQ D-510 dowel drilling machine, manufactured in 2024. It is currently located in our showroom in AT-4894 Oberhofen am Irrsee. Kodpszvnk Tsfx Aa Rsdt Machine type: DRILLTEQ D-510 OPTIMAT ABD210/12/B/D/F Machine number: 0-253-73-2182 Year of manufacture: 2024 Dowel drilling and milling machine with 5 horizontal and 5 vertical drilling spindles, dowel insertion unit 8mm, as well as a horizontal and a vertical milling spindle (24000 revolutions, 4kW). Processing length 1250mm, with the possibility of overhang if required. Maximum workpiece thickness 80mm, minimum thickness 10mm. Automatic adjustment of the clamping beam height. Hands-free barcode scanner. IntelliGuide operator guidance system. If you have any questions or require further information, please feel free to send us a message or call us.

Condition: used, x-travel 600 mm y-travel 400 mm Kodpfowqrxmox Aa Redt z-travel 500 mm total power requirement 6 kW

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1978, spindle diameter 105 mm x-travel 1250 mm Kedpfx Aaot Hwtxe Rsdt y-travel 1000 mm z-travel 600 mm table length 1100 mm table width 900 mm tool adaptor 50 ISO / MK total power requirement kW weight of the machine ca. t CNC Table Borer, Reconditioned 2002, BOSCH CC 300

Year of construction: 1985, condition: used, spindle diameter 110 mm x-travel 900 mm y-travel 600 mm z-axis 200 mm table length 1020 mm table width 860 mm taper MK 40 Table size, approx. 1,020 x 860 mm Max. weight of workpiece 800 kg Kjdst Hwyxjpfx Aa Rsdt Table travel, longitudinal, max. (X) 900 mm Boring head travel, cross, max. (Y) 600 mm Boring spindle stroke (Z) 200 mm Vertical travel of cross beam (W) 635 mm Vertical distance between table and boring spindle 15 - 850 mm Distance between columns 950 mm Spindle Ø 110 mm Spindle taper internal/external ISO 40 18 spindle speeds 10 - 2,500 rpm Milling feeds of table, infinitely variable 1 - 6,000 mm/min 4 milling feeds of boring head 30 - 180 mm/min 6 boring feeds 0.01 - 0.39 rpm Accuracy of all 3 axes when the machine was new 0.003 mm Quick feeds for table, boring head slide, and boring spindle, max. 6,000 mm/min Spindle drive 6.2 kW Weight, approx. 9,000 kg Total electrical load 15 kW - 380 V - 50 Hz Accessories / Special Features - BOSCH CNC Control, Model MICRO 8, in 3 axes, with monitor. Program input is either manual or via cassette, or via interface entry. - Digital display for Z Axis. - Separate switch cabinet. - Various tools. - Oil cooler for spindle lubrication.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1965, x-travel 1000 mm y-travel 600 mm total power requirement 2,5 kW Kdjdpfx Aaewqrw Ns Ret

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1984, cycle time 0 sec total power requirement 2,5 kW weight of the machine ca. 1 t dimensions of the machine ca. m P O S A L U X (Switzerland) Horizontal 3-Spindle Fine Boring Machines Model MICROFOR PNC 3 Year 1984 Serial Nos. 6.8230/9 Boring Æ 0.15 - 2 mm Spindle stroke 0 - 18 mm Working stroke, max. 0 - 12 mm Quick feed 60 mm/sec Boring feed 0 - 5 mm/sec Spindle speeds 3,500 - 11,500 rpm Distance between spindles, vertical, approx. 80 mm Table speeds (for deburring) approx. 100 rpm Table Æ, approx. 100 mm Table bore, approx. 70 mm Table slide swivelling device, approx. 60 °/sec Swivelling range 0 - 100 ° Total drive, approx. 2.5 kW Weight 1,000 kg Accessories / Special Features Serial No. 6.8230/9 Kodpst Hwvgjfx Aa Rodt Machine is equipped with a modern POSALUX SELECTRON Control with keyboard and LED for direct programming on the machine (in principle the same as with a punchboard control). With setting microscope and machine lamp.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2023, New machine Year of construction 2023 Equipment and technical data: - Solid German machine construction - Professional slot milling and precise dowel drilling Fixed table, smooth-running mobile drill motor - Travel device for greater mobility - Cast iron table 700 x 380 mm thick-walled and highly ribbed - 2 manual eccentric clamps with solid steel columns for clamping the workpieces - Smooth-running cross support with adjustable ball guides for lateral and depth adjustment - 2-lever operation - Height adjustment via handwheel and scale, drilling depth stop via scale, drilling length limit adjustable via left and right side stops - Drill motor power 1.3/1.7 kW, pole-changing, speed 1500/3000 rpm with mechanical motor brake and practical tool tray - incl. emergency stop button - High-precision two-jaw drill chuck with protective sleeve, clamping range 1-20 mm - Dowel drilling device for drilling holes in rows with 16, 22, 25 and 32 mm raster roller high-precision milled raster, fixed via spring-loaded raster bolt - Plug-in frame stop with index bolt for the positions: center, left, right Mitre fence, plug-in with index bolt for 45° and 22.5° - Workpiece fence up to 1500 mm for series processing - CE-compliant, GS tested - Max. Drilling depth 145 mm - Max. Drilling length 240 mm - Height adjustment 135 mm - Clamping range 5-20 mm - Motor power 1.3 / 1.7 kW - Voltage 400 V / 50 Hz - Suction nozzle 100 mm Ø - Color RAL 7035 light grey and RAL 5000 violet blue Special equipment: - Dial gauge in the handwheel, with 0.1 mm height adjustment display instead of the scale - Single-lever operation with remote locking for longitudinal and transverse movement of the drill motor including loosening and locking of the raster bolt on the dowel drilling device, narrow workpieces can then also be processed from the side of the table - Emergency stop button with key - Safety cover over the drill chuck with electric lock New price with this equipment 12213. Shipping dimensions: 120x80x160 cm Weight: approx. 200 kg Availability: short term Kdsdpfxjw I Uzke Aa Rot Storage location: Hochheim

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1981, Used machine Year of manufacture: 1981 Universal dowel boring machine with a swiveling drilling unit with fully automatic control with 2 safety pneumatic clamps Drilling gearbox motor 2.2 kW with 21 spindles Spindle pitch 32 mm with built-in oil damping Height adjustment 80 mm Drilling depth 80 mm With chassis Kdsdpoxx D D Iofx Aa Rot Weight 420 kg Availability: short-term Location: Flörsheim

Condition: used, Used machine Drilling unit with 21 spindles Drilling distance 32 mm, max. 640 mm, by moving the workpieces max. 2656 mm with oil brake cylinder Stroke max. 130 mm Kdodow I Um Hspfx Aa Rst Motor 2.5 HP Machine dimensions approx. 1450 x 1100 x 1600 mm Weight approx. 240 kg Availability: approx. 2 weeks after receipt of order Location: Hochheim Hochheim

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, neu 2025 030138 Kdodpfjxcbhrjx Aa Rjt prompt, Zwischenverkauf v Deutschland 3444.77 € 1 13 mm MK 2 220 mm 40 - 4000 U/min M 10 (steigungsabhängig) 520 mm 400 mm 850 mm 62 kg 60 mm 85 - 370 mm 420 mm 300 x 250 mm 70 mm PLUS - CONTROL PANEL WITH FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS: - Display - Operation via function keys and rotary/push button - Drilling mode / Tapping mode - Zero point setting - Drilling depth adjustment - Infinitely variable speed adjustment - Piece counter - Spindle stop function (spindle stops automatically after drilling) Continuous/normal drilling performance 13/15 (in E335/ST60), 12 Nm Manual feed Digital speed and drilling depth display Thread cutting device Control panel with OLED display Robust, high-quality drill head cover with ergonomically inclined front LED lighting Quickly adjustable and ergonomic drilling depth stop Continuous speed control via central rotary knob Emergency stop push button Thermal overload protection Spindle stop Drill protection with electrical protection Connection cable with Schuko plug OPTIONS: Machine cabinet with door and drawer Drill package 2 (vice & keyless chuck) ALTERNATIVE: Version with B16 spindle (Art. no.212500)

Condition: new, neu ca. 2 - 4 Wochen ab Auftr Deutschland 3649.63 € 15 mm MK 2 220 mm 40 - 4000 U/min 0,75 kW M12 400 mm 520 mm 850 mm 65 kg 70 mm 85 - 370 mm 300 x 250 mm 70 mm PLUS - CONTROL PANEL WITH FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS: - Display - Operation via function keys and rotary/push button - Drilling mode / Tapping mode - Zero point setting - Drilling depth adjustment - Infinitely variable speed adjustment - Piece counter - Spindle stop function (spindle stops automatically after drilling) Drilling capacity / normal drilling Performance 15/18 (in E335/ST60) 17 Nm Thread cutting system Control panel with OLED display Robust, high quality drill head hood with ergonomically inclined front LED lighting Ksdpfxsy Hf Nwe Aa Redt Quickly adjustable and ergonomic Drilling depth stop Stepless speed control via central rotary knob EMERGENCY STOP pushbutton Thermal overload protection Spindle stop Drill protection with electr. Fuse Connection cable with Schuko plug 3 years warranty for single shift operation OPTIONS (PRICES ON REQUEST): Machine cabinet with door and drawer Drill package (vice & keyless chuck)