Used Tesoma Compact for sale (4,182)

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1996, Demag Ergotech 1000/430 Compact Closing 100 tons Year of manufacture 1996 Scrow 40 mm Injection molded, softened, 205 g Fgjdpfx Agswav I Dogog Joist spacing 40x40

Year of construction: 1988, condition: used, Manufacturer: ONA Electro-Erosion, S.A. (Spain) Model: ONA-COMPACT 30 Fgedpfxewf E Aus Aggjg Year: 1988 Manufacturing Number: 5026/5912 Registration Number: 5026/8812 Type: Electrical Discharge Machine (EDM) - Die sinking Voltage: 220 V Current: 5.6 A Pulse Power: 2 x 0.75 HP Apparent Power: 2.13 KVA Frequency: 50/60 Hz Estimated Table Travel: 300 x 200 mm Dielectric Tank Capacity: 100-150 L Approximate Weight: 1000-1200 kg

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2023, total length: 3,400 mm, total width: 1,300 mm, total height: 820 mm, overall weight: 565 kg, power: 2.2 kW (2.99 HP), input voltage: 400 V, Equipment: documentation/manual, emergency stop, type plate available, Applications & Customer Benefits: The ASCO CB 3000 Conveyor Belt is a robust, 3-meter transport solution for construction, recycling, horticulture, and industrial applications. Perfect for moving sand, soil, gravel, compost, and other bulk materials, it delivers reliable, efficient, and continuous material handling. This particular unit was used only for demonstration purposes, showcasing its functionality and excellent condition. Key Features: • Adjustable belt speed, angle, and length for versatile use • Modular and extendable design for longer transport distances Fgjdpfx Aow N Imijggjg • Integrated hour counter for maintenance tracking • Simple belt tension and height adjustment • Durable, low-maintenance build for continuous operation Tech Highlights: Speed 10 - 135 cm/s · Capacity 20 - 120 m³/h · Belt width 0.6 m · Hopper length 0.8 - 1.6 m · Hopper capacity 0.2 - 0.5 m³ · Drive power 400 V / 2.2 kW · Weight 565 kg · Width 1.3 m · Length 3.4 m · Height 0.82 m

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, operating hours: 42,000 h, functionality: fully functional, 2 identical systems consisting of: 1 cloos welding robot romat 350 incl. control unit, teach pendant incl. cable Connection cable between control unit and robot Gasnozzle sensing, seam tracking, point editor, CTMS, Manax C bow construction for robot in a fixed position Cloos welding machine MC 3 353 ( 350 A pulsed arc machine), wire drive, torch, torch hose package, torch jig, connection hose package 5 m, mech. torch cleaning 2 stations turning table incl. 2 turning-tilting tables 5000 N load capacity/station 500 kg, swing radius 700 mm Fodpfx Ajw R T Twjggogg 1 light beam, 1 start stop box, 1 safety wall on turning table 2 safety switches for swing doors Base frame between robot and workpiecemanipulator delivery time: on request . Subject to prior sale. Both systems together will be offered for a special price !!

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2017, operating hours: 758 h, load capacity: 1,000 kg, lifting height: 1,262 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: duplex, construction height: 1,940 mm, empty load weight: 700 kg, mileage: 758 km, This electric triplex stacker from Still, year 2017, is in good condition. The capacity is 1,000 kg. The stacker lifts up to a height of 2,024 mm. Drive-through height is 1,565 mm. ONLY 291 operating hours on the clock. The battery is equipped with an INTERNAL charger. Make an appointment for a test drive. Watch the video on YouTube. Fgodpfx Agex Ahgbjgjg

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, mileage: 8 km, fuel type: diesel, Year of construction: 2024, Equipment: air conditioning, hydraulics, I am offering a brand new Zoomlion ZS090V skid steer loader, weighing 3 tonnes. The machine is available immediately and is ideally suited for loading, transport, landscaping, as well as road and construction works. - Year of manufacture: 2024 - Fitted with a powerful, fuel-efficient Kubota V2403-CR-T engine compliant with current emission standards - The cab ensures operator comfort thanks to air conditioning, an ergonomic seat, excellent visibility, and a reversing camera - The machine features hydrostatic drive and a precise hydraulic system for smooth attachment operation and rapid response - Rated operating capacity: 901 kg - 0.5 m³ bucket available at an additional cost - The loader is agile, stable, and ready for heavy-duty work in various terrain conditions - Manufacturer’s warranty applies Fgedexwd Hyopfx Aggjg - VAT invoice provided - Immediate availability; collection in Kolbudy or delivery within Poland available - Assistance with arranging sea freight from any European port - Additional attachments available separately – we offer a wide range of accessories to tailor the machine to specific tasks Financing options: We offer financing through leasing or credit. We assist in selecting the most advantageous solution and handle all formalities. We cooperate with reputable financial institutions: Deutsche Leasing S.A / MLeasing Sp. z o.o. / Siemens Finance Sp. z o.o. / Pekao Leasing Sp. z o.o. / PKO Leasing S.A / PEAC Poland Sp. z o.o. / Nest Lease S.A / Alior Leasing Sp. z o.o. Financing terms: - Simplified procedures up to 1 million PLN - Own contribution: from 0% to 45% - Financing period: up to 96 months - Currency: PLN or EUR Call or write for more information. I will be happy to answer your questions and help you select the right attachments. This announcement does not constitute a commercial offer within the meaning of Art. 66 §1 of the Polish Civil Code.

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2023, operating hours: 276 h, machine/vehicle number: SY008HCD117108, Equipment: UVV, air conditioning, all wheel drive, cabin, rubber tracks, Year of manufacture: 2023 Engine power: 73 HP (53.7 kW) Operating hours: 276 h Operating weight approx. 8,800 kg Engine: Yanmar, Stage V, approx. 73 HP, 202 Nm, 3,319 cc Fsdpfxjxltt So Aggegg Hydraulics: Load Sensing, max. 185 l/min 1st proportional auxiliary circuit (grab/hammer) on joystick 1 2nd proportional auxiliary circuit (grapple) on joystick 2 Safety lifting valves for dipper arm and boom with overload indicator Double-acting quick coupler hydraulic circuit Swing brake 2 travel speeds Cylinder protection on the arm Bucket breakout force ISO: 56 kN Dipper arm tear-out force ISO: 38 kN Operator cab: ROPS Adjustable boom, dipper arm 2,050 mm Dozer blade Rubber tracks 450 mm Battery main switch Travel alarm and rotating beacon Engine emergency stop switch 2x LED work lights on cab roof 1x LED work light on boom 12V socket Document compartment Radio with loudspeaker Including quick coupler

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2007, functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 400 V, cutting height (max.): 460 mm, cutting width (max.): 460 mm, cutting range round steel at 90°: 460 mm, stroke length: 600 mm, Bomar Compact 460A 2007 year of made 2m runways 3m runways chipconvyer Price its without dismantling and loading Fgjdpfx Asxzymwjggjg

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2005, functionality: fully functional, WORKING DIMENSION 250x150 mm MILLING MOTOR 50 HP HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT MOTOR 20 HP PUSHING FORCE 40T MAXIMUM WORKING SECTION 250x150 mm Fedpsw E Etyofx Aggjgg EXIT ROLLER CONVEYOR NOT INCLUDED

Condition: new, Volumes: available in 10 m³ or 20 m³ versions Product description: The Easyplan is a compact yet powerful drying system designed for drying softwood and hardwood, as well as for treating pallets and wood packaging to comply with ISPM-15 standards. It ensures complete phytosanitary compliance and consistently delivers high-quality drying results for a wide range of timber types. Installation takes less than one day, making it ideal for rapid deployment in small to medium-sized production facilities. The process is fully automatic – simply load the kiln and let the system manage the entire drying or heat treatment cycle. Available heating options: Electric: 27 and 36 kW Gas: 200 kW gas burner Hot water/steam Fgedew Hfzajpfx Aggjg Wood stack size for EASYPLAN 10 and EASYPLAN 20: 4 m - 6 m 180 - 300 EPAL pallets Key benefits: Capacities of 10 m³ or 20 m³ to suit different production requirements Suitable for both softwoods and hardwoods ISPM-15 compliant pallet and wood packaging treatment, firewood drying Fully automatic drying process Quick installation in less than 24 hours Flexible heating options to match available energy sources

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, very good condition Fgsdpfxjymnkvj Aggeg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1997, functionality: fully functional, System consisting of: Welding robot Romat 310, ROTROL 32 TM controller and programming handset with cable, connecting cable for robot control cabinet Pedestal for robot Tactile sensor, arc seam tracking Drive for Micro SD card for program backup incl. 2 cards Fjdpfjyh Hl Sex Aggjgg Quinto 503 welding machine, wire feeder Welding torch MRW 380, torch hose package Duo drive wire feed unit, torch testing gauge 15 kg wire spool holder, drum equipment Mechanical cleaning, pressure booster 2-station rotary table 4 DP 2200 (load capacity 220 kg per station) 5 m connecting cable to control cabinet 1 light barrier 1 pre-selection start Wiring diagrams Documentation, functional warranty Delivery date: immediately available

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Compact Roller Conveyor CORMAK HRN50130 Fgodoyuuy Hepfx Aggjg The CORMAK HRN50130 compact roller conveyor is a mobile transport unit designed for efficient movement of loads with flat bottoms in warehouse, production, and logistics environments. Thanks to the adjustable length of 450–1300 mm, height adjustment of 670–940 mm, and a load capacity of up to 130 kg, the device can be precisely adapted to a workstation and the type of transported material. The CORMAK HRN50130 model was designed for facilities that require a durable and flexible solution for internal transport. It is a steel roller conveyor that improves material flow, enhances operator ergonomics, and allows quick configuration of transport layouts. Main advantages of the machine Adjustable length: 450–1300 mm – easy adaptation to available workspace and workstation layout. Adjustable height: 670–940 mm – allows setting the optimal working height. Load capacity up to 130 kg – safe transport of boxes, crates, wood, and other materials with flat bottoms. Steel rollers with a diameter of 50 mm – durable transport surface resistant to intensive use. Steel frame construction – high rigidity and resistance to working loads. 4 swivel wheels with brakes – easy relocation of the unit and stable positioning during operation. Reinforcement braces between the legs – additional rigidity and improved operational safety. Expandable modular configuration – possibility to connect multiple units to extend the conveyor system. Delivered fully assembled – quick start-up without time-consuming assembly. Construction and Technology Steel load-bearing structure for industrial use The CORMAK HRN50130 compact roller conveyor is made of durable steel, ensuring stable operation and resistance to daily use in industrial environments. The rigid frame provides reliable support for transported loads and minimizes the risk of deformation under working loads. The device is equipped with steel rollers with a diameter of 50 mm, enabling smooth movement of goods along the conveyor. Adjustable length and height The length adjustment range of 450–1300 mm allows the conveyor to be adapted to spatial conditions and the layout of the transport process. The height adjustment range of 670–940 mm allows the unit to be set at an ergonomic working level for the operator and integrated with other equipment such as work tables, picking stations, shelving systems, or sections of conveyor lines. Standard Equipment steel load-bearing frame 9 non-powered steel rollers length adjustment system height adjustment system 4 transport wheels wheel locking mechanism reinforcing braces between legs unit delivered fully assembled Technical Specifications Parameter Value Length range 450–1300 mm Width 510 mm Loading width 510 mm Roller diameter 50 mm Minimum height 670 mm Maximum height 940 mm Frame material Steel Wheel / roller material Steel Load capacity 130 kg Weight 35.06 kg

Condition: like new (used), functionality: fully functional, type of input current: DC, input voltage: 230 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, Equipment: documentation/manual, type plate available, Industrial Gas Infrared Heaters Lersen COMPACT TOP COUT08 – 2 Units Fgsdpfxszvaine Aggjg For sale: 2 industrial gas-fired infrared radiant heaters, Lersen CZ COMPACT TOP, model COUT08. Suitable for heating production halls, warehouses, workshops, and other large industrial spaces. Technical specifications: Manufacturer: Lersen CZ s.r.o. Type: COMPACT TOP Model: COUT08 Quantity: 2 units Fuel: G20 natural gas Rated input: 37–48 kW Rated heating output: 33–43 kW Gas consumption: 3.5–4.6 m³/h Electrical connection: 230 V / 50 Hz Electrical consumption: 70 W CE marked Made in the Czech Republic Both units are being sold together. The condition can be seen in the photos. Price for both units: €1,250 Location: Ivanka pri Nitre, Slovakia For further information or additional photos, please contact me via message.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2010, functionality: fully functional, Manufacturer: KALLFASS Model: UNIVERSA 500, year 2010 Model: Shrink Tunnel COMPACT 650 SO, year 2010 SPECIFICATIONS KALLFASS UNIVERSA 500 - fully-automatic side sealer Transverse seal bar, length: 500 mm Product clearance height: up to 200 mm Power supply: 208 - 480 volt Film, center-folded film: 12 - 80 μm Transport speed: 10 - 35 meter / minute Packaging capacity, max.: 85 cycles / minute Technical Data Compact 650 SO Tunnel clearance in width: 650 mm Fsdpfx Agsxnzlhogogg Tunnel clearance in height, adjustable: 100 - 400 mm Length of the heated tunnel hood: 1100 mm Air-flow regulation with patented ring nozzle system: standard Maintenance free plastic-mesh-belt: standard Transport speed infinitely variable, frequency controlled: approx. 10 – 35 m/min. Capacity of the tunnel blower infinitely variable, frequency controlled: standard Energy saving 2-stage heating with special insulation in tunnel hood: standard Temperature control by means of electronic thermostat: switching precision +/- 0.2° C Wear resistant and contactless temperature control: standard safety device according to EC regulation machines EN 60204: limit temperature control: standard Working height, adjustable: 800 - 900 mm Power supply: 400 Volts, 50 Hz, with protective earth conductor Heating capacity, installed, 2-stage switchable: 9.0 + 4.5 kW Rated capacity: 14.5 kVA Nominal current at 400 V: 21.0 amps Total connected load: max. 37.0 amps (incl. add. three phase power supply) Position of control cabinet and operating side: left hand side in working direction

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, fuel type: electric, Year of construction: 2026, *All of our products are made with care and covered for 1 year warranty! *Installation and Operator Training FREE COMPACT series Stationary Concrete Batching Plants provide satisfaction of all levels need with practical and effective solutions. Stationary concrete batching plants can easily and efficiently reach high capacity production of homogeneous concrete mixture. COMPACT series have easy operating system and lowest investment costs. In addition, the plant provides the use of enterprise resources accurately, so that gaining time-saving will transform to more earnings. . TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: Model: COMPACT 160 Production capacity: 160 m3 Mixer type: Twinshaft – 4.5 m3 Aggragate bunker: 4x30 m3 Cement weighing: 2000 kg Additives weighing: 2x50 kg Water weighing: 1000 lt Cement silo is optional. COMPACT 160 consist of: • Aggregate Storage Hopper • Aggregate Weighing Hopper Fjdpfx Agozxqwzsgjgg • Aggregate Transfer Conveyor or Bucket System • Twinshaft Mixer • Mixer Chassis, Walking Platforms, Ladder • Water Weighing Hopper • Cement Weighing Hopper • Admixture Weighing Hopper • Air Compressor • Cement Screw Conveyor • Bolted Cement Silo • Top Filter, Safety Valve and Accessories • Control Cabinnet • PC and Automation System • Control and Power Panel FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE FEEL FREE TO CALL US!!!

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, CORMAK DI329 – Compact Dry Ice Cleaning Machine The CORMAK DI329 is a compact and modern dry ice cleaning machine designed for effective removal of dirt from machinery, molds, tools, production components, and technical surfaces. It is an ideal solution for companies looking for an efficient, clean, and safe cleaning method without the use of chemicals, water, or abrasive materials. The main advantage of the DI329 is its compact design and high mobility, which clearly distinguish it from many larger and less convenient machines available on the market. This makes the machine suitable not only for production facilities, but also for servicing, maintenance, field work, and any application where convenient transportation and quick setup are important. The machine uses dry ice pellets with a diameter of 3.0–5.0 mm and allows precise adjustment of operating parameters to suit the type of surface being cleaned and the level of contamination. Adjustable operating pressure and dry ice feed rate enable effective cleaning of both delicate components and more demanding industrial surfaces. Key Advantages Compact design for easy transportation and use in different locations, high mobility and convenient operation, effective cleaning without chemicals or water, non-abrasive cleaning that does not damage the treated surface, adjustable operating pressure, adjustable dry ice feed rate, quick setup and preparation for operation, ideal for industrial, service, and technical applications. Applications The CORMAK DI329 is suitable for applications including: cleaning machinery and production equipment, removing dirt from molds, tools, and components, cleaning metal and technical components, service and maintenance work, cleaning surfaces without the need to dismantle multiple components, removing deposits, grease, process contamination, and production residues. Included Equipment You receive a brand-new CORMAK DI329 dry ice cleaning machine, ready for operation with dry ice pellets, equipped with: CORMAK DI329 machine, a set of nozzles in various shapes and sizes, accessories required for operation according to the selected configuration. Different nozzle shapes and sizes allow the working stream to be adapted to the type of component being cleaned and the specific working environment, increasing the machine's versatility in everyday use. Fgedpfjzwfu Sox Aggeg Technical Specifications Technical specification Value Power < 1100 W Power supply 230 V AC, 50 Hz Air consumption 1.0–3.0 m³/min Pneumatic supply pressure 0.4–1.0 MPa (4–10 bar, adjustable) Dry ice feed rate 0–3.2 kg/min (adjustable) Dry ice hopper capacity 7.5 kg Weight 65 kg Dry ice pellet size 3.0–5.0 mm Drive system Direct drive Machine dimensions (L × W × H) 670 × 460 × 900 mm

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, operating hours: 825 h, Storage number: 100599220 Transport dimensions (L x W x H): 0 x 0 x 0 ---- Automatic climate control Rear outrigger plate, 2.550 mm wide Twin tires, Liebherr EM 22, 290/90-20 PR 18 Radio Variable outrigger, 4.85 m Stick, 2.45 m Incl. quick coupler SW48 Likufix The machine has a warranty until 02/18/2028 or a maximum of 4,000 operating hours – whichever comes first. Location: Welzow Fedpfx Agozkziregogg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2023, operating hours: 725 h, Lower carriage S, track width 2000 mm Outrigger blade 2500 mm, controlled via mini-joystick Fgedpjzkzprsfx Aggjg Comfort radio Comfort driver's seat Variable outrigger boom, 4.85 m, controlled via mini-joystick Bucket arm 2.45 m Includes quick coupler SW33 Likufix Location: Andernach

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, mileage: 204,000 km, first registration: 11/2005, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 1,250 kg, maximum load weight: 540 kg, next inspection (TÜV): 11/2027, fuel: diesel, energy efficiency: A, color: white, number of gears: 5, emission class: euro4, number of seats: 2, Year of construction: 2005, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, airbag, central locking, electric window regulation, onboard computer, power mirror, sliding door, truck registration, RENAULT KANGOO, 2005, SINGLE OWNER, DIESEL ENGINE, 1500 DCI, EQUIPPED WITH AIR CONDITIONING, ELECTRIC WINDOWS/CENTRAL LOCKING, SLIDING SIDE DOOR, PAYLOAD CAPACITY 540 KG, 2-SEATER VAN, EURO 4 COMPLIANT, VALID INSPECTION UNTIL 11/2027. Fgedpfx Ajy Tbcysggeg

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, Maximum planing width: 230 mm Maximum planing height: 120 mm Spindle diameter: 40 mm 4 heads plus one universal head Head configuration: Bottom, right, left, top, universal Fgedpfxsy N Rb Rj Aggjg Motor power: 4 kW (bottom), 5.5 kW (right), 4 kW (left), 4 kW (universal) Spindle rotation speed: 6000 RPM Table lubrication Electric height adjustment (up/down) Two feed speeds Year of manufacture: 1999 Weight: 2320 kg Voltage: 400 V

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, The THEOR 20 screw compressor with a refrigerated compressed air dryer. The CORMAK THEOR series screw compressor, manufactured by the Polish brand CORMAK, represents the latest solutions used in pneumatics combined with high-quality materials and components. Low operating costs, ease of use, ergonomic and durable construction, and high efficiency guarantee effective and trouble-free operation. CORMAK screw compressors are synonymous with innovation and reliability, designed for the most demanding applications. Fsdpfey Rpmnjx Aggjgg Innovative design: Our compressors are based on advanced engineering and European precision manufacturing. The robust construction, enhanced with modern components, ensures long-lasting and reliable operation in all conditions. Integrated refrigerated dryer: The COMPACT version with an integrated dryer saves space and provides a complete all-in-one solution. The built-in refrigerated dryer ensures dry and clean air, protecting your installation from corrosion and damage. Quiet operation and comfort: Designed with attention to detail, our compressors feature exceptionally low noise levels. Effective soundproofing and vibration reduction systems provide a comfortable working environment, improving operator concentration and well-being. Intelligent control: The intuitive MAM series electronic control panel serves as the command center of your compressor. It enables precise parameter monitoring, maintenance scheduling, and quick diagnostics, ensuring stability and protection of key components. Adaptation to your needs: We understand that every application is unique. CORMAK compressors can be configured with additional air treatment systems, allowing perfect adaptation to the specific requirements of your industry. Dynamic working pressure: Automatic pressure regulation ensures that the compressor delivers exactly as much compressed air as needed at any given moment, maximizing energy efficiency and minimizing losses. Sustainable development: We focus on environmentally friendly solutions. The energy-saving technologies used in our compressors not only reduce your operating costs but also minimize environmental impact, while the heat recovery option allows maximum energy utilization. Technical Specifications Parameter Value Motor power 15 kW Voltage 400V / 50Hz Capacity at 0–6 bar 2100 L/min Capacity at 6 bar 2000 L/min Capacity at 8 bar 1700 L/min Capacity at 10 bar 1600 L/min Outlet connection diameter (G) G1" Dimensions 1550 × 740 × 1180 mm Weight 500 kg

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 650 h, load capacity: 1,000 kg, lifting height: 1,462 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: duplex, construction height: 1,930 mm, empty load weight: 700 kg, mileage: 650 km, Electric stacker Brand: Linde (Germany) Year of manufacture: 2019 Only 651 operating hours Capacity: 1,000 kg Fodpey Saz Sofx Aggjgg Lifts up to a height of 1,462 mm Drive-through height: 1,930 mm Equipped with FREELIFT Battery: supplied with external charger Automatic filling system

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2022, functionality: fully functional, total height: 1,770 mm, total width: 600 mm, total length: 617 mm, input voltage: 230 V, type of cooling: air, Equipment: documentation/manual, type plate available, Thanks to the enclosed construction cartridge system, this 3D printer is ideally suited for prototype construction, the dental field, or even for training purposes, as there is no contact with the metal powder – neither during the component preparation nor during the printing process itself. AL3D-METAL 200-100 3D metal printer for additive manufacturing LASER TYPE: Fiber laser Fsdezlnh Ropfx Aggsgg Wavelength: 1070 nm Average power: 200 W Operating mode: CW Focus diameter: 50 μm Scanning speed: max. 5 m/s Process parameters: Option to comprehensively influence the process parameters INCLUDES 9 CONSTRUCTION CARTRIDGES: Build volume: r Ø 100 mm; z 60 mm Layer thickness: 10 - 50 μm Achievable component density: > 99 % SOFTWARE AL3D-OS Operation: via 15.6" touchscreen, keyboard, and mouse Connectivity: 1x Ethernet; 2x USB CAD import file format: STL Print preparation: Simple support generation. Slicer integrated into the software.

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Boschert Compact Rotation 1000x2000 Fjdpfjznu T Esx Aggjgg Equipped with the Trumpf tool system and featuring the Boschert rotation, which enables continuous 360° rotation of the punching tool up to tool size III. Punching force: 28 tons. Spray device. Chip extraction system.