Used Mado Mkb 648 D for sale (46,747)

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 16,050 kg, overall weight: 20,000 kg, axle configuration: 2 axles, first registration: 11/2010, Year of construction: 2010, Equipment: ABS, Manufacturer HMK Bilcon Model 22.000 l. ADR Tank 4 compartment Year 2010 Condition Very good Serial Number UH9TP2BXXA1HB1615 Ref. nr. 7987 Reg. date: Disc brake: ? ABS: ? Axles: BPW Tire Size: 425/65R22,5 Cover% left 80 - 60% Suspension: ? Toolbox: ? Total weight: 20000 kg. Net weight: 3950 kg. Iiedpfx Asxwr Npspneb Load capacity 16050 kg. Tank capacity: 21.900 l. Separation room: 4 (

Condition: ready for operation (used), Filling opening diameter: 98mm, material: stainless steel, max. output: 1400kg/h, perforated disk: 3mm, dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 1000mm/850mm/1400mm, weight: approx. 300 kg. Iisdjtryk Nepfx Apnsb

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, 3D hole table 2000 x 1000 x 200mm, 100mm grid, plate thickness 22mm, hole diameter 28mm, precision-machined, very solid, weight approx. 750 kg. Includes table base suitable for all standard accessories with 28mm. Price is without accessories, accessories as shown special price €250. Plasma nitriding €800 extra (impact-resistant, scratch-resistant, stainless). Shipping within Germany €250. Iiedsw H Abkopfx Apnjb

Condition: new, 3D grid table 2000 x 1000 x 200 mm, 100 mm pitch, plate thickness 22 mm, hole diameter 28 mm. Machined flat, very robust, weight approx. 750 kg. Supplied with table leg suitable for all standard accessories with 28 mm. Price is without accessories. Additional charge of €500 for a set with half the pictured quantity. Iiedpovlli Aefx Apnjb

Condition: new, 3D perforated table 2400 x 1200 x 200mm, grid 100mm, plate thickness 20mm, hole diameter 28mm, Ijdpfevm Dk Isx Apnoib Plan machined, very solid weight approx. 950 kg With table base Price is without accessories

Condition: ready for operation (used), D&K System Jr. Isdpfewhcfxex Apnoib Year 2006 Format max 68x76 cm Format min 20x28cm Till 500 gsm can work Single Sided Thermal Film Laminator Accufeed Jr. Automatic Sheet Feeder, Acculam Jr. Laminator, Accu-III Jr. Automatic Sheet Separator, Jogger Catch Tray Delivery

Condition: new, maximum load weight: 28,900 kg, overall weight: 36,000 kg, axle configuration: 3 axles, loading space length: 10,184 mm, loading space width: 2,550 mm, total width: 2,550 mm, total height: 3,722 mm, Year of construction: 2025, Equipment: ABS, Bodywork * Docking funnel 8" mounted at the upper rear, behind the tank, lockable with a manual slide gate * Direct idling at the rear side * Automatic pump shut-off * Lincoln centralized lubrication system for optimal time-based lubrication of slewing rings and axles (for drum brake 36P) * Bracket with two wheel chocks Pump Ijdpfxoxmudns Apnoib * Vogelsang pump, capacity 6,000 L/min Axles * VALX axles with drum brakes, 9 tonnes, offset 0 Brakes * WABCO EBS braking system * WABCO tire pressure monitoring system according to R141 * TPMS system Axles * Forced-steering axles Tire size * 385/65 R22.5, 9 t Tires * Brand: APOLLO Lighting * 24-volt lighting system * Side marker lamps with integrated flashing function * Work lights left and right at the first axle * Two LED work lights at the rear (one left, one right, mounted on the hose racks) * Two 7-pin connectors and standard 15-pin connector Accessories * Ball valves for complete tank emptying * Stainless steel vent container Paintwork * Tank painted RAL 7030 stone grey * Chassis painted RAL 7016 anthracite grey

Condition: used, Spill containment sump, storage pallet for hazardous substances Type 4P-TCF Wash table with grating Manufacturer number: 80027720 Year of manufacture: 1997 Containment volume: 1000 liters Iedpfxsxf Uv Io Apnsib Load capacity: 2000 kg with even load distribution - Sump made of steel sheet (1.0038) - Official approval mark: LUA NRW-19h-95/14.0.0 - 3-piece hot-dip galvanized grating - Forklift pockets: 295 x 95 mm Overall dimensions (L x W x H): 1360 x 1250 x 925 mm Net weight approx. 180 kg Good condition

Condition: excellent (used), Professional Harting hand crimping tool – model , dedicated for HAN D contacts. Used in industrial automation, electrical engineering, and low-voltage installations. • Wire range: 0.14 – 2.5 mm² (AWG 30–13) • Suitable for crimping contacts: HAN D 0.5 mm² and 1.0 mm² • Crimping force: 60–108N, depending on conductor diameter • Contact part numbers: 73300-200 and 73300-201 • Ergonomic handles, precise operation • Markings on the head: 0.14 / 1.0 / 1.5 / 2.5 mm² • Genuine industrial tool – Made in Germany Condition: very good – fully functional, ready for immediate use. Ijdpfxjw Su Ncs Apneib

Condition: new, machine/vehicle number: D-CL-440-FR-EC, functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 230 V, volume flow: 450 m³/h, noise level: 58 dB, total height: 1,430 mm, total length: 450 mm, total width: 550 mm, overall weight: 50 kg, Equipment: rotational speed infinitely variable, type plate available, ISI D-CLEANER Mechanical air filter device (dust) Type: 440 FR Design: Mobile Control: without Iiodpfx Aovrxc Aspnsb Horizontal, mobile mechanical air cleaner with EC radial fan for dust separation. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Air volume: - 450 m³/h (free blowing) (depending on the filter configuration without collection elements) Air inlet opening: baffle plate as pre-separator Intake nozzle: 100 mm (on the left side) Filter configuration: - filter cartridge (dust class M according to DIN EN 60335-2-69 Appendix AA) - compressed air cleaning via rotary vane nozzle Color: RAL 7035 light gray (optional: special color) Voltage: 230 V Frequency: 50 Hz Protection class: IP54 Fan technology: energy-saving EC technology Air output: adjustable Noise level: 58 db (A)) Dimensions: length 450 mm / width 550 mm / height 1430 mm Weight: 50 kg

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 32,085 kg, overall weight: 39,000 kg, axle configuration: 3 axles, first registration: 07/2000, Equipment: ABS, German vehicle,\npendulum tailgate,\ngrain slider,\nplatform,\nBPW drum brakes,\n\nMore information by phone\nChristian Iiodjw Hin Depfx Apnob

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2013, machine/vehicle number: 1044, Diosna SP 120 D Spiral Kneading Machine/Mixer Iiodpfx Aedc Eh Aepneb 32 Ah connection with 2-speed motor On casters Top condition, silent If you have any further questions, please contact us. Thank you in advance.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Functions according to the magnetic particle technology, with documentation and accessories, an inspection is possible. Iiedoq Npf Uspfx Apnob

Condition: used, mileage: 641,180 km, power: 350 kW (475.87 HP), first registration: 08/2009, fuel type: diesel, overall weight: 26,000 kg, axle configuration: 6x4, wheelbase: 3,300 mm, brakes: retarder, color: silver, driver cabin: sleeper cab, gearing type: automatic, emission class: euro5, suspension: steel-air, number of seats: 2, Equipment: ABS, additional headlights, air conditioning, cabin, central locking, cruise control, differential lock, fog lights, immobilizer system, low noise, onboard computer, parking heater, power assisted steering, seat heater, traction control, trailer coupling, Vehicle location: Bovenden, Lg. Haus, 1x comfort seat, 2x reclining seats, heated seats, electric mirrors, heated mirrors, left electric window, right electric window, air conditioning, sun visor, cruise control, electric glass roof, auxiliary heating, air horn, ABS (anti-lock braking system), traction control (ASR), retarder, power take-off, automatic transmission, differential lock, fog lights, high beams, leaf air suspension, air-light hydraulic tow bar, aluminum rims, roof hatch, green environmental sticker Wheelbase: 3300 mm, 7.5t front axle, rear axle H7 13t crown gear 233, performance-optimized Voith retarder, Telligent braking system with ABS and ASR, ABS deactivatable, disc brakes with full protection on front and rear axles, steel bumper, electric sliding/tilting glass roof, toll collection preparation, headlight cleaning system, Mercedes Illuminated star, rain sensor, comfort cockpit, cool box, ambient interior lighting, Mercedes PowerShift 2, additional thermal insulation, Webasto Air Top 2000 auxiliary warm air heater, reversing alarm, on-board diagnostics 2, bi-xenon headlights, protective plate under the radiator and engine, standard driver pack, comfort bed (lower and upper), auxiliary drive (MB 131-2c) countershaft. Aluminum rims only on both rear axles! VIN: WDB9322411L427532. ACCESSORIES INFORMATION IS SUBJECT TO PERFORMANCE. Subject to change, prior sale, and errors! Iijdpsx E Threfx Apnsb - .

Condition: used, mileage: 512,203 km, power: 350 kW (475.87 HP), first registration: 03/2016, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 9,071 kg, maximum load weight: 16,929 kg, overall weight: 26,000 kg, axle configuration: 6x4, wheelbase: 3,300 mm, next inspection (TÜV): 03/2024, brakes: retarder, color: white, driver cabin: day cab, gearing type: automatic, emission class: euro6, suspension: steel-air, number of seats: 2, Equipment: ABS, additional headlights, air conditioning, cabin, central locking, cruise control, differential lock, electronic stability program (ESP), fog lights, hydraulics, onboard computer, power assisted steering, seat heater, traction control, Vehicle location: Bovenden, ClassicSpace, Active Brake Assist, Mercedes PowerShift 3, Mtlg. House, 1x comfort seat, seat heating, rear window, electric mirror, heated mirror, electric window left, electric window right, air conditioning, sun visor, cruise control, ABS (anti-lock braking system), traction control (ASR), retarder, power take-off, tilt hydraulics, differential lock, fog lights, work lights, rotating beacon, leaf-air suspension, aluminum tank, roof hatch, environmental badge green Wheelbase: 3300 mm 7.5t front axle, rear axle disc wheel 440 Hypoid 13t, electronic brake system with ABS and ASR, disc brakes on front and rear axle, secondary water retarder, condensation water monitoring for compressed air system, aluminium front underride guard, residual heat utilization, parameterizable special module (PSM), communication interface (KOM), reversing alarm, ClassicSpace, comfort locking system, Power drive program, Mercedes PowerShift 3, pre-installation for toll collection, High Performance Engine Brake, ESP, Lane Keeping Assist, Distance Assist, Attention Assist, Active Brake Assist 3, driver airbag, Safety Pack Top, power take-off MB 131-2c pump. ACCESSORY INFORMATION WITHOUT WARRANTY, subject to alterations, prior sale and errors excepted! Iiodpfjvhk U Nsx Apnob - .

Condition: used, mileage: 641,180 km, power: 350 kW (475.87 HP), first registration: 08/2009, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 11,700 kg, maximum load weight: 14,300 kg, overall weight: 26,000 kg, axle configuration: 6x4, wheelbase: 3,300 mm, brakes: retarder, color: silver, driver cabin: sleeper cab, gearing type: automatic, emission class: euro5, suspension: steel-air, number of seats: 2, loading space length: 4,900 mm, loading space width: 2,420 mm, loading space height: 900 mm, Equipment: ABS, additional headlights, air conditioning, cabin, central locking, cruise control, differential lock, fog lights, immobilizer system, low noise, onboard computer, parking heater, power assisted steering, seat heater, traction control, trailer coupling, Vehicle location: Bovenden, Lg. Haus, 1x comfort seat, 2x reclining seats, heated seats, electric mirrors, heated mirrors, left electric window, right electric window, air conditioning, sun visor, cruise control, electric glass roof, auxiliary heating, air horn, ABS (anti-lock braking system), traction control (ASR), retarder, power take-off, automatic transmission, differential lock, fog lights, high beams, leaf air suspension, air-light hydraulic tow bar, aluminum rims, roof hatch, green environmental sticker Wheelbase: 3300 mm Body: Schwarzmüller 3-way tipping body with Bordmatic left and pneumatic tailgate opening. Left side steel/right side aluminum, 7.5t front axle, rear axle H7 13t crown gear 233, performance-optimized Voith retarder, Telligent braking system with ABS and ASR, ABS deactivatable, disc brakes with full guards on front and rear axles. Rear axle, steel bumper, electric tilt/slide glass sunroof, toll collection preparation, headlight cleaning system, illuminated Mercedes star, rain sensor, comfort cockpit, cool box, ambient interior lighting, Mercedes PowerShift 2, additional thermal insulation, Webasto Air Top 2000 auxiliary warm air heater, reversing alarm, on-board diagnostics 2, bi-xenon headlights, protective plate under the radiator and engine, standard Driver Pack, lower and upper comfort beds, MB 131-2c countershaft PTO. Aluminum rims only on both rear axles! Loading height approx. 1530mm! VIN: WDB9322411L427532 Matching Schwarzmüller tipping trailer -88372- available for an additional charge! ACCESSORIES INFORMATION WITHOUT GUARANTEE, subject to change, prior sale, and errors! - . Iiodpewhmnkofx Apnob

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, power: 60 kW (81.58 HP), warranty duration: 24 months, Equipment: CE marking, centralized greasing system, cooling unit, documentation/manual, dust extraction, emergency stop, safety light barrier, Laser source – MAX Photonics Table size – 4000x2000 mm Control system – FSCUT 6000 Software – Cypnest + Cypcut Water chiller – Hanli Model: GR 4020 Power: 60,000 W Laser source: MAX Photonics Table size Straight cut: 4100 x 2450 mm Bevel cut: 3750 x 1800 mm Control system Straight cut: FSCUT 8000 Bevel cut: FSCUT 9100 Software: Cypnest + Cypcut Laser head: Boci BLT6/BLT4 Nitrogen proportional valve: SMC Water chiller: Hanli Power stabilizer: 400 kVA Load capacity: Up to 5,000 kg Laser power: 60,000 W X/Y positioning accuracy: ±0.1 mm/m X/Y repeat positioning accuracy: ±0.05 mm/m Maximum travel speed: 80 m/min Maximum acceleration: 0.8 G CNC control: EtherCAT-BUS Power supply: 380V 50Hz three-phase Servo motor power: X: 1.8 kW; Y: 5.5 kW*2; Z: 0.75 kW Power protection: Protection class IP54 External dimensions: 9700 x 4900 x 2350 mm Total machine weight: 12,500 kg Power consumption: 12kW: 78.25 kW/120 kVA 20kW: 112.25 kW/180 kVA Iedpow Ix Dcjfx Apnjib Machine frame: welded steel Gantry crane: welded steel

Condition: good (used), Mado MEW 727 Width: 1900 mm Ijdpfxov Sq Nhe Apnjib Length: 3200 mm Height: 2600 mm Electric power supply: 400V 50Hz 3N Power: 56 kW Main material: stainless steel, acid-resistant Loading integrated with the machine Throat diameter: 160 mm

Year of construction: 2025, condition: new, machine/vehicle number: AB2024, Pclass = working area X 1250mm x Y 1250mm x Z 25mm Iiedpfjdvik Nex Apneb skyCUBE P laser processing center - the new Pclass, more productive with a larger work surface than laser cutting machine for your metals Laser processing simple and high-precision - laser engraving, cutting at high speed and quality

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, working range: 6,500 mm, type of input current: three-phase, total width: 1,629 mm, total height: 2,525 mm, total length: 10,500 mm, table length: 6,500 mm, overall weight: 5,500 kg, power: 15 kW (20.39 HP), laser power: 6,000 W, warranty duration: 24 months, Equipment: cooling unit, safety light barrier, PFEIFER technology skyTUBE Pro 6500 X3 – Profile & Tube Laser Center 6500 x 15 – 160 mm Format skytube-pro-6500×3 Profile and Tube Laser Fiber Laser Metal Cutting – fast material change with up to 6kW, delivering effective performance for your production, is the smart and efficient tube laser processing solution. Capable of laser cutting round tubes, square tubes, rectangular tubes, open profiles, and special profiles, this laser machine ensures maximum productivity during production changeovers. Task: Fiber laser up to 6kW for a wide range of metalworking applications! Unrivaled Laser Cutting Performance High axis speeds and accelerations, combined with a robust mechanical structure, ensure outstanding cutting performance and precision. The tube and profile laser processing machine for production offers a compact footprint – simply smart! Ingenious solutions, 100% made in Saxony! Tubes and profiles from 15 x 15 to 160 x 160 mm – 3D cutting with efficient fiber laser technology. The semi-automatic 6-position profile-tube loading chain system allows fast job changes. With the optional bundle loader, you work independently. Bevel Cutting A revolutionary feature. With the ability of our machines to swivel their cutting head up to 50° on an additional fifth axis, we provide the solution to one of the biggest challenges in modern profile processing. If the laser beam always strikes the tube at a right angle, you end up with an elliptical cut edge. With the capability to swivel the tube laser cutting head, together with the feed axis, completely angled cuts are now possible. Of course, when working with the skyTUBE Laser, safety comes first! The skyTUBE Pro is a Class 1 laser system. There is no risk of contact with laser emissions or reflections during operation. For all our laser systems, nothing is more important than complete safety and compliance with the highest standards and directives. Technical Specifications: · Closed industrial housing, Class 1 laser (optionally Class 4) · Working area, tube cutting system/chuck: Round tubes 15–160 mm, rectangular tubes 15 x 15 – 110 mm · Working area on the tube: X 6500 mm, Y ±100 mm, Z 150 mm, A ±360°, U ±50° · Automatic material feed: up to 6 x 160 mm profiles, lengths 3500–7000 mm Iedpfx Aporh Iw Tjnsib · Automated material unloading system for profile sections, construction adjusted to profile length · Z drive: ball screw axis system / with PTI SVZ system · X/Y drive: linear axis system / with PTI AC-SERVO system · Productive cutting speed: depending on material and laser combination, up to 50 m/min / 1.4G · Software resolution: up to 2500 DPI · Repeatability: ± 0.03 mm · Max. footprint dimensions (LxWxH): 11,600 mm x 2,830 mm x 2,100 mm + unloading system according to profile section length

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, control type: CNC control, degree of automation: automatic, laser type: fiber laser, laser power: 6,000 W, laser wavelength: 1,064 nm, table length: 3,050 mm, table width: 1,550 mm, travel distance X-axis: 3,050 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,550 mm, type of input current: three-phase, overall weight: 6,500 kg, Equipment: CE marking, cooling unit, documentation/manual, safety light barrier, skyCUBE XLs class – Large Format – Shuttle Table Laser Cutting The multifunctional flatbed laser center skyCUBE XLs class, produced by PFEIFER technology in Saxony, Germany, is engineered for your professional cutting tasks. It combines advanced productivity with economic efficiency and precision. The machine housing is manufactured from welded and bolted steel construction, specifically designed for industrial and commercial applications. The drive system developed by PFEIFER technology ensures both precision and high repeat accuracy. skyCUBE laser systems meet all requirements of Class 1 according to DIN EN 60825-1, providing you with maximum safety. The ergonomic design with a pull-out worktable facilitates easy loading of the machine. Drawers in the lower section collect cutting residues efficiently. The skyCUBE laser software with file import capability generates precise laser cutting geometries for your requirements. Optimize your cutting quality and speed—even with thick materials—thanks to the 6kW laser power, including when using compressed air. Switch between materials while maintaining consistently high cutting quality without compromise. Iedpfxow Ebzme Apneib Monitor your production with ease: the large front doors allow convenient access to the entire working area. Position the operator console wherever you prefer. It is mobile, providing optimal visibility of the cutting process at all times. Naturally, your safety is the highest priority when operating the skyCUBE laser! The skyCUBE XLs is a Class 1 laser system. There is no risk of coming into contact with laser beam emissions or reflections during operation. With all our laser systems, nothing is more important than complete safety and compliance with the highest standards and regulations. Special safety glass panels and a perfectly shielded cutting area reliably protect you from laser radiation risks, while an independent safety system enables loading without interrupting production. Select the laser power that best suits your requirements; 6 kW is our current standard! (* Pricing depends on configuration and laser power; this is a factory-new laser machine from our own production) Maximum dimensions (L × W × H): 2310 × 8505 × 2505 mm / Laser machine: 4.0 T Power supply: depends on laser source (6kW), 400V/50Hz, 3-phase / 27kW Process gas control for: oxygen / nitrogen / compressed air according to material and process

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Pclass = working area X 1250mm x Y 1250mm x Z 25mm skyCUBE P laser processing center - the new Pclass, more productive with a larger work surface than laser cutting machine for your metals Laser processing simple and high-precision - laser engraving, cutting at high speed and quality Iisdjcwph Tjpfx Apnsb

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, laser power: 12,000 W, laser wavelength: 1,064 nm, table length: 1,500 mm, table width: 3,000 mm, travel distance X-axis: 1,550 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 3,050 mm, input voltage: 400 V, type of input current: three-phase, overall weight: 8,500 kg, warranty duration: 24 months, space requirement height: 2,400 mm, space requirement length: 8,550 mm, working range: 1,500 mm, Equipment: cooling unit, safety light barrier, XL class = processing area X 1550 mm x Y 3050 mm x Z 150 mm High-precision linear axis system with 6 - 12 KW laser power Double change table system, laser processing at one working height! (* Prices depending on equipment and laser power, this is a brand new laser machine from our production) Maximum dimensions (L × W × H (with table 8504) × 2310 × 2400 mm / laser machine 6.5 T + external loading table 2T = 8.5 tons Power supply depends on the laser source (6kW) 400V/50Hz 3 phases / 27kW Iijdpfxor D Nfke Apneb Process gas control for: oxygen / nitrogen / compressed air depending on the material and process Simple and highly precise laser processing - laser cutting at high speed and quality

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, control type: CNC control, degree of automation: automatic, actuation type: electric, laser power: 6,000 W, laser wavelength: 1,064 nm, table length: 3,050 mm, table width: 1,550 mm, type of input current: three-phase, overall weight: 6,500 kg, Equipment: CE marking, cooling unit, documentation/manual, emergency stop, safety light barrier, skyCUBE XL class – Large Format – Shuttle Table Laser Cutting The multifunctional flatbed laser center skyCUBE XL class, manufactured by PFEIFER technology in Saxony, Germany, has been designed for your professional cutting applications. It combines a new level of productivity with cost-effectiveness and precision. skyCUBE laser systems meet all requirements of Class 1 according to DIN EN 60825-1, offering you the highest level of safety. The ergonomic design with a pull-out worktable makes machine loading easier. Drawers in the lower section of the machine collect cutting waste. Optimize quality and cutting speed even with thick materials thanks to 6kW laser power—even when cutting with compressed air. Switch between materials while maintaining consistently high cutting quality without compromise. Naturally, you’re always on the safe side when operating the skyCUBE laser! The skyTUBE Pro is a Class 1 laser system. There is no risk of exposure to laser beam emissions or reflections during operation. For all our laser systems, nothing is more important than complete safety and compliance with the highest standards and regulations. Special safety glass and a perfectly shielded cutting area reliably protect you from the hazards of laser radiation, while an independent safety system allows loading without interrupting production. Select the laser power best suited to your needs; 6 kW is our current standard! (* Pricing depends on configuration and laser power; this is a brand-new laser machine manufactured by us) Maximum dimensions (L×W×H): 2310×8505×2505 mm / Laser machine 4.0 T Power supply depending on laser source (6kW) 400V/50Hz 3 phase / 27kW Process gas control for: oxygen / nitrogen / compressed air depending on material and process Laser processing made easy and highly precise – high-speed, high-quality laser cutting Isdpfx Apet A N A Rjnoib

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, laser type: fiber laser, laser power: 6,000 W, laser wavelength: 1,064 nm, working length: 1,250 mm, working width: 1,250 mm, Equipment: CE marking, cooling unit, documentation/manual, P class = processing area X 1250 mm x Y 1250 mm x Z 100 mm Iodpfx Apok Ran Eonsib High-precision linear motor axis system with 6 KW laser power (* Prices depending on equipment and laser power, this is a brand new laser machine from our production) Simple and highly precise laser processing - laser cutting at high speed and quality