Used Gerd Wolff Profile-Bending Machine for sale (67,061)

Condition: new, saw blade diameter: 400 mm, sheet thickness aluminum (max.): 4 mm, total length: 720 mm, total width: 760 mm, total height: 1,330 mm, cutting range round steel at 90°: 120 mm, cutting range round steel at 45°: 100 mm, rotational speed (min.): 3,000 rpm, rotational speed (max.): 3,000 rpm, The Gerd Wolff AC 400 is an automatic aluminium cutting machine, manufactured for our sales brand "GERD WOLLF Maschinenfabrik" by a renowned producer in Turkey. Standard Equipment - Fixing points for 15° - 22.5° - 30° - 45° - 67.5° - Locking handle for securing at intermediate angles - Adjustable cutting speed for various profile types - Saw guard with safety switch - Belt-driven saw - Two-hand safety operation - Easily replaceable saw blade - 2 pneumatic vertical cylinders with clamps - 1 compressed air gun Optional Equipment Bodpfx Apoxb Ur Usrswp - Hydrocheck – Hydraulic speed regulation for aluminium profiles - Cooling system for cutting aluminium - Auxiliary conveyor with measuring rulers

Year of construction: 2023, condition: new, IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE ! Vibratory finishing machines with separator The machines of the series VKUE can be used for the surface treatment of metallic and non-metallic workpieces. These machines have a large sieving surface and allow easy separation of the workpieces from the abrasive bodies. Bodpfxon Smcle Aprowp Optional accessories - Pneumatic sound flap - Pneumatic damper control - Frequency control - Metering pump - Magnetic valve - Stand for control panel - Flushing tube (different types) The pictures are for orientation only. The optional accessories are available additional charge.

Condition: new, overall weight: 4,400 kg, total height: 310 mm, total length: 4,000 mm, total width: 1,500 mm, Clamping plates - T-slot plates 4000 x 1500 x 310 mm If you have not found the size you are looking for, you can also send us an e-mail with the completed PDF form. With this form we can produce an individual plate for you. Number of hookers: 5 Edge distance: 14mm Hook spacing: 270mm Hook width: 28mm Material: cast iron HT250. Bsdpfx Apstrli Rjrewp Flatness less than 0.12 mm. Surface processed according to DIN 876 / III

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, overall weight: 1,800 kg, total height: 600 mm, total length: 2,000 mm, total width: 1,000 mm, plate height: 600 mm, groove spacing: 140 mm, GERD WOLFF Clamping cube 2000 x 1000 x 600 mm If you cannot find the size you require, simply send us an email with the completed PDF form. This will enable us to offer you a customised plate tailored to your requirements. T-slots – size: 38 x 22 T-slot spacing: 140 Number of slots: 10 Edge distance: 80 Weight: 1800 kg Cast iron quality HT250 Flatness less than 0.12 mm Surface machined according to DIN 876/III Clamping cube, cubic clamping table, multi-sided clamping, angle clamping cube, precision cube, CNC clamping cube, clamping angle, machine cube, 90-degree clamping device, drill hole cube, modular clamping cubes, Bedpjxbpihofx Aprjwp workpiece positioning, assembly cube, fixing cube, clamping block

Condition: new, pressure 60 t stroke max. 300 mm bending capacity max. - flat 300 x 16 mm working feed 10 mm/sec Control NC Height of Toolings 300 mm total power requirement 5,5 kW weight of the machine ca. 1530 kg The Gerd Wolff HP 60 is a hydraulic horizontal press machine with many many possible combinations. Whether it is the bending of tubes, the punching of profiles or the cutting of sheet metal - with the right accessories, the HP 60 is a multifunctional machine among all presses. Bsdpfxoxfb Ike Aprewp Standard accessories - ergonomic tool clamping table - easy tool change - hydraulic speed and pressure adjustment - easily adjustable back gauge - induction hardened support pins - NC control Highlights - control panel with digital display - Easy tool change - hardened support pins - hydraulic speed regulation The HP 60 is manufactured for our sales brand "GERD WOLLF Maschinenfabrik", by a renowned manufacturer from Türkiye. The pictures are for orientation only and are not true-to-scale representations of the machine.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, diameter 28 mm length 75 mm clamping range 70-75 mm The price is exclusive of statutory VAT. Also available in D28 x 50 mm (clamping range 45–50 mm). Clamping range: 70–75 mm Type: Ball Lock Pin 75 mm Diameter: 28 ± 0.02 mm Material: 45# steel Hardness: HRC28–32 Surface roughness: Ra 0.8 µm GERD WOLFF's ball lock pins are specialized fastening elements designed for integration into various welding table systems and setups. Their primary function is the efficient and precise positioning and securing of workpieces. These pins are compatible with welding tables from all manufacturers featuring 28 mm bore holes. The unique ball-lock design enables flexible alignment of workpieces at different angles and positions. Thanks to high-quality craftsmanship and robust construction, GERD WOLFF's ball lock pins provide reliable holding force throughout the entire welding process. These pins ensure easy handling, quick clamping, and release of workpieces — no additional tools required. GERD WOLFF stands for quality and precision in welding technology. These ball lock pins are engineered to meet the demanding requirements of professional welding applications. Quick release locking pins, quick lock pins, quick releases, quick installation pin, metal horizontal quick release, working pin, quick release locking pin, Bodpfx Apouia Ngsrswp quick latch pin, locking quick release pins.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, sheet thickness - max. 8 mm pressure 200 t chamfer lenght 3200 mm engine output 15 kW return speed 105 mm/min working feed 9 mm/sec x-travel 600 mm Max. opening height 570 mm control DELEM DA53T GERD WOLFF KANTO 200T CNC Electro-Hydraulic Press Brake Bwsdpfx Apjxf Na Ujrep CNC axis accuracy 1) Machine sliders (Y1, Y2) – synchronisation precision: The slider movement axes control the bending depth and bending angle. The system consists of the control unit, two glass scales (Y1, Y2) installed on the work table, electro-hydraulic proportional valves and an amplifier. A closed control loop detects and controls the relative position of the slide and table as well as the speed and position of the slide. This ensures the synchronisation of the slide and maintains the bending depth and angle with high precision. Positioning accuracy: ±0.02 mm Repeatability: ±0.02 mm 2) Machine backgauge (X axis): The forward/backward movement of the X-axis controls the dimensions of the sheet metal cut. The stop bar is driven by a servo motor and moves the crossbeam via a ball screw and linear guide. Operation is stable and precise. Positioning accuracy: ±0.10 mm Repeatability: ±0.03 mm 3) Mechanical compensation system (V axis): The pull plate of the mechanical compensation is moved by a motor so that the compensation points are formed in an arc shape. The points perfectly compensate for the elastic deformation of the work table and slide to ensure angular constancy and straightness of the workpiece. Position sensors and CNC control ensure precise regulation.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, control type: CNC control, degree of automation: automatic, actuation type: hydraulic, controller manufacturer: Shenzhen ICM Technology Development Co., Ltd., controller model: 880W02, pipe diameter (max.): 38 mm, pipe length (max.): 3 mm, tube wall thickness (max.): 2 mm, bending angle (max.): 190 °, bending radius (max.): 200 mm, bending radius (min.): 2 mm, mandrel length: 150 mm, number of axes: 2, table length: 3 mm, overall weight: 1,300 kg, total length: 3,900 mm, total width: 900 mm, total height: 1,400 mm, power: 4 kW (5.44 HP), input voltage: 400 V, input current: 20 A, input frequency: 50 Hz, type of input current: three-phase, oil tank capacity: 80 l, number of digital displays: 1, warranty duration: 36 months, Equipment: CE marking, documentation/manual, emergency stop, foot remote control, quick-change device, Full Automatic Pipe Bending Machine DW38CNC-2A-1S Equipped with a touchscreen and CNC control system; capable of storing up to 500 sets of parameter groups. Bwodpfjy Uuw Tjx Aprjp Features a rebound compensation setting program, with built-in confidentiality protection for programs and processing data. Servo control is adopted for corner bending, pipe bending and material feeding functions. The operating system is protected by passwords and physical keys, and supports production quantity & runtime records for efficient production management. Comes with slow bending and slow core pulling functions. Fault messages are displayed on the screen to help operators troubleshoot problems promptly. Touchscreen This pipe bender is equipped with a Weinview industrial touchscreen for its operation interface, which delivers an intuitive operation experience and allows new operators to get started quickly. You can directly edit the pipe bending process parameters on the interface, such as feeding distance, rotation angle and bending angle, and separately set the running speed for each step. During operation, the interface displays real-time axis positions, bending progress and production cycle, and automatically counts total output and shift output to help you manage production efficiency effectively. It also supports manual single-step debugging, automatic continuous operation, program editing and equipment parameter setting. Different modes can be switched with one click, making it convenient for machine trial runs and mass production alike. Hydraulic solenoid valve manifold This integrated hydraulic solenoid valve manifold serves as the control center of the CNC pipe bender's hydraulic system. Adopting industrial-grade modular design, it integrates multiple solenoid valves to independently control the movements of the feeding axis, rotating axis, bending axis, as well as clamping, auxiliary pushing and other auxiliary mechanisms. Linked with the CNC system, it converts control commands into precise hydraulic power output, enabling smooth operation throughout pipe feeding, rotation and forming. Matched with high-pressure sealed hydraulic hoses, it maintains zero leakage and high stability under full-load operating conditions, delivering reliable performance for long-term mass production. Servo drive These four units are Mitsubishi servo drives equipped on our pipe bender, acting as the power core that governs key movements including material feeding, pipe rotation and pipe bending. Adopting Mitsubishi MR-JE series industrial-grade high-end servo drives, they feature high positioning accuracy and fast response. Both feeding distance and rotating angle can be controlled precisely with no deviation. With excellent stability, they rarely lose steps or malfunction during long-hour continuous operation. This ensures consistent bending precision for every pipe and a high finished product yield.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2023, 2023 Unused VLB Group EB-53RH Fully Electric CNC Tube Bender With VLB 3D Software Bwsdozfqffopfx Aprop Summary Maximum Capacity (45kg/mm²) Ø53 x 2mm. Controlled Axes 'X' Precision=±0.05mm, 'Y' Precision=± 0.05°, 'Z' Precision=± 0.05°. Maximum Bending Radius 275mm. Installed Power 35.5kW. Voltage 380-400V. S/No. V00656 (2023). NOTE: This item will be loaded to buyer's vehicle, a loading charge of £250 + VAT will be added to the buyer's invoice. With Support Blocks, Tooling & Foot Switches. Approx Foot Print 6,200 x 1,800mm. Weight 5,100kg. NOTE: This item will be loaded to buyer's vehicle, a loading charge of £250 + VAT will be added to the buyer's invoice.

Condition: not inspected (used), Bluhm Systems Marking Laser Here we offer a Bluhm Systems marking laser. Bluhm Systems marking laser, fiber laser e-SolarMark FL. No functional guarantee (untested). Introduction: The e-SolarMark FL10W and 30W are Class IV lasers according to IEC 825 and EN 60825 standards (standards for applications with end customers). It is designed to be integrated into a system or operated separately with a protective housing. After installation, the laser system must meet the requirements for a product of a specific protection class, according to the aforementioned standards. The e-SolarMark is a laser system for marking and engraving plastics, metals, and films, both stationary and in motion. Technical specifications e-SolarMark description The e-SolarMark system consists of two main components: 1. The marking unit with laser head (scanning head) with focusing lens. Bjdpfozgci Eex Aprowp 2. The control unit includes the power supply, electronic control system, and firmware for system operation, with I/O slots inside. The e-SolarMark includes a fixed galvo scan head, equipped with a lens for a square marking field with standard dimensions of 70 x 70 mm. Laser specification in standard configuration Laser type: Fiber laser Laser output power: FL2 model: 19W; typical Wavelength: 1062 nm typical Internal modulation: 20 to 80 kHz Scanner head description: Scan head: Two galvanometric mirror scanners with a hard, highly reflective dielectric coating. F-Theta Lens types and their properties: Lens marking field: 70x70 mm to 300 x 300 mm Focal length: B 192 mm Operating environment conditions: Relative humidity: up to 80%, non-condensing Operating temperature: 5 - 40°C Recommended operating temperature: 15-25°C Dimensions W x H x D Laser unit: 122 x 108 x 495 mm Control unit: 520 x 380 x 215 mm Cable length, marking/control unit: 3 m Weight, marking unit: 5 kg Weight, control unit: 15 kg Mains voltage 115/230 VAC, 50/60 Hz, single-phase. Power consumption, FL2 model: 450W Type: e-SolarMark FL Condition: used Scope of delivery: (See picture) (Changes and errors in the technical data are subject to change!) We would be happy to answer any further questions you may have by phone.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2018, operating hours: 34,000 h, functionality: fully functional, Great opportunity! Like-new Salvagnini S4 / P4 from the first owner, built in 2018! The machine is in perfect, like-new condition and ready for immediate use! The system has been regularly serviced by Salvagnini, and the machine is covered by a maintenance contract. Technical data and Salvagnini internal number: Punching machine/shear with rotating station S4Xe.30 consisting of: Conveyor belt TAC30.L2000 Corner turning device DA30 Punching machine S4Xe.30 Punch head H3 Oil-dynamic hydraulic unit HU22E Control and management of the SiX system Right-angle shear CS5S Turning device DF Lower cylinder EI09 Embossing unit BU30 Double rotating punch P2R3132 Double rotating punch P2R3334 Threading roll unit ME35 Device for automatic application of self-adhesive labels LBC (label printer) Portal robot MC30 Conveyor with brushes CTS30 Shear lift table TCV3015 Water-air cooling unit R81E Tools (detailed list available on request) P4Xe-3125 Swivel bending machine including roller and turning station consisting of: Shear lift table TCV3015.CT.RPC Feeder-destacker device PCD3015 Turning device RIP3015 Bending center P4Xe-3125 Upper bending die LS Lower bending die LI Programmable clamping device U1 Standard clamping foot NS Control and management of the SiX system Work surface with balls SFE Device for cleaning and lubricating the bending dies PSE Asymmetrical control for auxiliary bending tools for positive bends CLA-A CLA tool set with "swan neck profile" UCE1500G38 Asymmetrical control for auxiliary bending tools for negative bends CLA-N-A CLA tool set with "swan neck profile" for negative bends UCE1500NG38 Device for V-notch RSU.UR-4 Swiveling device for auxiliary tools T Option for cutting and dispensing profiles CUT.SPC31 T-tool for 90° bends UTZ2 Bodjzh I Iijpfx Aprswp Delivery device/buffer for panels SAP34.POS The system has a hinged belt conveyor for central disposal of the sheet metal sections. These are then conveyed to tipping containers via a swan neck conveyor. Sorting according to stainless steel, aluminum, and black sheet metal is fully automatic. A weighing and level measuring device is integrated and reports the level via the control system. The machine can be inspected and tested by arrangement. Additional videos and detailed images of the system are available on request!

Condition: excellent (used), Schlebach PMC 30/80 RS Immediately available, no delivery time. Standard machine for the production of 25 mm double standing seam profiles from cut sheets or sheet material. The machine is equipped with: ✅ Profiling rollers for 25 mm seam height ✅ Rollers including transport handles for easy transport ✅ Clip relief (extra rib for adhesion) ✅ An RS slitting shear for cross-cutting before profiling ✅ Bending capacity: 0.8 mm (zinc, aluminum & copper), 0.7 mm steel sheet Condition: • Very good technical condition • Very good optical condition • Weight: approx. 560 kg Bwjdpfezivgiex Aprjp An inspection and test run are possible by arrangement.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2015, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 308, table width: 850 mm, table length: 1,250 mm, stroke length: 200 mm, pressing force: 42 t, empty load weight: 1,000 kg, TECHNICAL DETAILS Bending capacity: 42 t Max. bending stroke: 200 mm Table length: 1,250 mm Table width: 850 mm Stroke length: 300 mm Stroke width: 200 mm MACHINE DETAILS Motor power: 4.0 kW Bodpezdfb Tefx Aprswp Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 1,500 x 2,500 x 1,800 mm Shipping weight: 1,000 kg Shipping packages: 2 units EQUIPMENT Documentation CE marking

Year of construction: 2009, condition: excellent (used), Elumatec SBZ 140, extended version: 7.6 meters Weight approximately 5000 kg Automatic tool changer 2-section clamping system 2 pneumatic stops Safety guard Light curtains Automatic clamping detection Central lubrication Coolant spray system Chip trolley Conditioning unit Max. spindle speed: 24,000 rpm Tool holder: HSK-63F, 8-position tool changer. Max. milling diameter: 80 mm Max. sawing diameter: 200 mm Compressed air: 7 bar The SBZ 140 is a 4-axis profile machining center (axes: X, Y, Z + A). It is designed for aluminum and thin-walled steel profiles. 4-axis CNC machining center (X/Y/Z + tilting/rotating axis A) X-axis: approx. 7900 mm travel Y-axis: approx. 850 mm travel Z-axis: approx. 650 mm travel A-axis (rotation/tilting): Freely programmable angle, -90° to +90° Axis travel speed: X-axis up to approx. 65 m/min, Y- and Z-axis up to approx. 60 m/min (in many configurations) Control: 4-axis CNC system, with PC control, color screen, USB & network. Software: eluCam. Automatic material clamping, automatic positioning via indexing pins Pendulum/shuttle operation (two work zones), which improves production cycle time. In addition to milling and drilling, it can also tap, saw, and perform profile machining – all with stationary clamped profiles. Please note: The information on this page has been obtained and compiled in good faith, but accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Accordingly, it does not constitute a representation or contract, and we recommend that you verify all relevant details. Financial information Bwedpfxozhg S Ts Aprsp VAT/margin: VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT (VAT is reclaimable for businesses).

Condition: used, sheet width 1050 mm plate thickness 2,5 bei 400N/mm² mm roll diameter 90 mm Weight ca. 490 kg Motorised three-roll round bending machine in an asymmetrical configuration. Upper roll swivels forwards Bending roll adjustment via handwheel; suitable for conical bending Bedpfx Ajzfayfjprewp Emergency stop cord The machine comes from a training workshop and is in very good condition

Condition: used, Max. bending length: 1020 mm Bsdpezfk Rnsfx Aprswp Max. sheet thickness: 1.5 mm steel Roller diameter: 65 mm Right and left rotation via foot switch Safety rope pull switch

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1991, Used machine Used profile sanding machine of the company Arminius type ST 10 Year of construction: 1991 Bsdpfx Apsw I Unkorewp MNo.: 0-290-02-1567 Engine power: 1.1 kW Spindle adjustment: 0° - 135° Table surface: 1000 x 800 mm without visible objects on the table surface Availability: short term Location: Röllbach

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2008, sheet width 2050 mm plate thickness 20.0 mm ST pre-bending 16.0 mm ST diameter of upper rolls ca. 270 mm side roll diameter ca. 240 mm diameter of lower rolls ca. 250 mm Number of working hours ca. 7.800 h Control "EASY PRO" oil volume ca. 200 Liter voltage 380 V total power requirement 13.5 kW weight ca. 9.000 kg Dimensions (only the machine) 4000 x 2080 x 1800 mm Bwsdpfx Apjzc Rv Tjrjp Good condition (!!) Current list price approx. 150.000 euros Special price available upon request Features: - Robust electro-hydraulic 4-roll round bending machine * Arc-shaped feed of the side rollers (swing arm technology) - 4-roller design offers a wide range of bending and rounding options * Rolling process completed in a single pass - Mobile control unit * DAVI "DAVI EASY PRO" numerical control * Manual or automatic operation selectable * Programming "Self-Learning" mode available * Control of all rollers and machine axes * Digital position display for the rollers - Curved feed of the side rollers (DAVI "PSG" guide system) * Tight bending radii of up to 1.1 times the upper roller diameter possible * Instead of the usual 1.5 times with linear guides * Optimal bending = short sheet ends during bending - Conical rolling possible via roller tilt * Tight diameters possible due to low machine frame - Electronic roller parallelism - Stepless speed adjustment (max. 5.0 m/min) - Bending on both sides - Forged and hardened rollers with a hardness of 53-55 HRC - Low-maintenance, robust machine design - Easy sheet removal thanks to low machine frame - Sturdy welded steel construction - Electro-hydraulic swivel bearing for easy tube removal - Operating instructions

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1997, Technical details: tube diameter: 4,75 - 8,0 mm wall strength: - mm bending radius min.: unterschiedlich, various, variada mm Bwodpfx Aou Ibukjprop bending angle max.: 180 ° compressed air: min 4,5 bar Total power requirement: ca. 10 kW Weight approx.: 6,0 t dimension machine xH: 6,3x3,7x2,0 m dimensions electric cabinet: 1,8x0,5x2,7 m dimension control panel: 0,85x0,68x1,65 m fully automatic numeric control for bending of hydraulic supply pipes, car brake pipes various length - various numbers of bending possible (max. 100 bendings per pipe) - 2 independent bending module, every modul has 2 NC axis with functions: " longitudinal process (axis 1 and 3) and " turning of bending head" and bending (axis 2 & 4) - program memory for 250 pipes (lines) - the feeding unit consits of manual a manually filled drum magazine (drum magazine pipe dia.=4,75mm up to dia=8,0mm with 500/1000 pcs) - load swiveling arm - control panel Bundy GHF 60134 accessories: - div. single and add-on parts *

Condition: new, engine 2,8 KW weight of the machine ca. 320 kg dimensions of the machine ca. 86 x 90 x 85 cm Bwodpfxoy H N Nzj Aprjp

Condition: new, sheet width 1550 mm plate thickness 4,5 mm pre-bending 4,0 mm roll length 1550 mm min. dia. 190 mm roll diam. toproll 130 mm weight 1265 kg dimensions 2670x1110x1050 mm Domestic equipments: - Central rollers via electric motor, planetary reduction gear and Gear drive driven - Swivel top roller - Main engine with brake device - Conical bending device - Mobile controller and foot pedal - CE mark / Declaration of Conformity Additional equipment: - induction hardened rolls Bwjdpfxjyvvrhj Aprop - motorized rear roller adjustment - Digital display for back roller

Condition: new, L-beam 50x5 mm square material 50x40x3 mm I - beam section - flat steel 120x15 mm I-beam section - upend 60x10 mm round material Ø 35 mm tube diameter Ø 70x2 mm roll diameter 155 mm Bwsdpfx Aoyvvnijprep bending speed 4,3 m/min Shaft diameter 50 mm total power requirement 1,5 kW weight 400 kg dimensions 830x730x1350 mm Domestic equipments: - Extended special steel shafts - a set of hardened rollers - Bottom rollers are driven - lateral straightening rollers - Foot pedal - horizontal and vertical working - CE mark / Declaration of Conformity - Operating instructions in German

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2019, sheet width 1050 mm plate thickness 4,0 mm roll diameter 110 mm Bodpfozh N Uwex Aprswp total power requirement 2,2 kw

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Pipe bending machine Manufacturer: Ercolina, Type: Top-Bender Technical data Manufacturer: Ercolina Bjdpozdf N Rjfx Aprewp Type: TOP-BENDER Year of manufacture: unknown Bending capacity: Ø 64 x 4 mm Bending angle: 180° Weight: 135 kg Accessories - Blue tooling o R90 d42-1-1/4 o R67 d 1“ o R100 d1-1/2“ - Copper tooling o 1 1/4“ (2x) o 1 1/2“ (2x) o 1“ (2x) All information without guarantee. A demonstration with the machine running can be arranged at any time in our showroom.

Condition: new, pressure 28 t piston stroke 180 mm diameter of piston 130 mm table-size 300 x 550 mm working feed 2 - 9,8 mm/sek return speed 20 mm/sec Max. pressure 200 bar bending capacity - flat iron 200 x 10 mm weight of the machine ca. 800 kg Bjdpfx Aoqzmgqeprowp dimensions ca. 1150 x 1103 x 750 mm The horizontal hydraulic press (28 ton) can be used for many different metal working jobs. The press has a piston stroke of 192 mm and can be equipped with all kinds of tooling for specific bending or straightening jobs. We supply a standard toolingset with this press including a stampholder and backgauge. However, we also produce custom-made tooling for your specific request. Thanks to the NC-control you can easily set the cylinder stroke and save up to 100 working cycles. With this horizontal hydraulic press you are able to bend, straighten, notch, cut and form. A universal hydraulic press that serves all your needs in cold metal working processes.