Used Colombo Through-Feed Presses Colombo for sale (26,236)

Condition: used, total length: 11,500 mm, total width: 2,450 mm, total height: 2,600 mm, Colour: Green Empty weight: 16.500 kg Veneer press Feed-through press HOT Colombo Machine dimensions: 4400x1400 Oil heated input/output is included 8 cylinders Complete with glue roller etc. - Documentation available: No - CE certificate present: No - Press drive: Hydraulic - Max. workpiece length [mm]: 4500 - Max. workpiece width [mm]: 1400 Lsdpfx Afswnhvvjworr - Max. workpiece height [mm]: 140 - Total stroke [mm]: 140 - Number of stages [pcs]: 1 - Material of press plates: Steel - Number of cylinders [pcs]: 8 - Cylinder diameter [mm]: 85 - Working pressure [kg/cm²]: 4 - Heating type: Oil heated - Voltage [V]: 400 - Transport dimensions: 11500mm x 2450mm x 2600mm (l x w x h) - Transport weight [kg]: 16500kg Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Yorick Diebels

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2000, Colour: Grey Lredpjwnhabsfx Afwor Veneer press continuous press gluing press plate press Colombo Machine dimensions: 4500x1300 Oil heated to a maximum of 140 degrees input/outpu t6 cylinders Solid plates 40mm - Details: - └ Description: Osama glue roller is no longer available - Year: 2000 - Documentation available: No - CE certificate present: No - Press drive: Hydraulic - Max. workpiece length [mm]: 4500 - Max. workpiece width [mm]: 1300 - Max. workpiece height [mm]: 140 - Total stroke [mm]: 140 - Number of stages [pcs]: 1 - Material of press plates: Steel - Number of cylinders [pcs]: 6 - Cylinder diameter [mm]: 120 - Heating boiler present: Yes - Heating type: Oil heated - Max. working temperature [°C]: 140 Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Yorick Diebels

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2013, functionality: fully functional, power: 5 kW (6.80 HP), Automatic electro-mechanic throughfeed case clamp press with eletronic adjustment of the pressing forces, timing and programable closing sequence of the pressing elements. Manufacturer: SCM Group (division CPC) Model: Action TF2500 Production year: 2013 Machine state: plně funkční Main technical parameters: - max. cabinet dimensions: 2500 x 1250 x 650 mm - min. cabinet dimensions: 250 x 250 x 250 mm - feeding belt speed: 20 m/min - working height: 600 mm - length of the infeed conveyor: 2500 mm - length of the outfeed conveyor: 2500 mm - overall power 5kW (15A) Funkcionality: Automatic reading of the cabinet at the infeed including the automatic detection of the central fixed shelf. Programator: - control panel with touchscreen LCD (size 14 cm) - setting of the horizontal thrust (0-1300 kg) - setting of the vertical thrust (0-1300 kg) - selection of the closing sequence (top presser, side presser, top/side presser) Lodpfx Aszgtg Isfwerr - setting of the exact position of the middle side pressers

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2001, Continuous press Manufacturer: Ligmatech Type: Optimat MDE 10 Year of manufacture: 2001 Technical data Body dimensions - Length: 300 - 2500 mm - Height: 300 - 1300 mm Lrodpfszuzxbjx Afwsr - Depth: 120 - 600/800 mm - Pressing forces are generated electrically, both horizontally and vertically, and can be varied independently - Pressing forces are applied vertically via a pressure plate and horizontally via 3 pressure jaws each - Pressing takes place centered and on a zero line on the operator side Positioning of the pressure jaws: - Top pressure jaw with forced guidance on the top press, optionally lowerable via cylinder - Middle pressure jaw freely programmable and motor-driven - Bottom pressure jaw freely programmable and movable via a common drive with the middle pressure jaw Note: The technical data and descriptions are copies of the original order confirmation. The information is provided for informational purposes only and is not binding.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1996, Continuous press Manufacturer: OTT Type: 300-K-D0 Year of manufacture: 1996 Technical data Lrodpfszuzwwjx Afwor Plate dimensions: 2550 x 1350 mm Hot water heating 6 pressure cylinders Total pressing force: 135 t Note: The technical data and descriptions are copies of the original order confirmation. The information is provided for informational purposes only and is non-binding.

Condition: excellent (used), Throughfeed press 3000 mm 14 top cylinders 6 side cylinders Water heating with heating elements in the plate CE marking Ljdpfx Afjx Apxlowjrr Year of manufacture: 1996

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2008, For sale: Hydraulic through-feed press JOOS DLP 240/OK Machine type: Hydraulic through-feed press with automatic feeding and unloading of elements. Application: Designed for coating flat panel materials of uniform thickness using coating material under elevated temperature. Lodpfxsyc Euks Afwjrr Basic data: Manufacturer: JOOS Model: DLP 240/OK Year of manufacture: 2008 Operating voltage: 400 V / 50 Hz Power consumption: 55.5 kW Hydraulic cylinders: 8 × 125 mm + 2 × 40 mm Operating pressure: 245 bar Pressing surface: 4200 × 1400 mm (L × W) Total pressing force: 2400 kN Condition: very good Documentation: complete Important note: The machine does NOT have a control program. TAG: hydraulic press, through-feed press, industrial press, coating press, panel processing machine, production line equipment, industrial machinery, JOOS, Siempelkamp, Orma, Italpresse, Dieffenbacher, Bürkle, Langzauner

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Dimensions (L/W/H) 5500x4000x2250 mm Weight 8000 kg Lredpfxov A Hlme Afwsr Total power requirement 45 kw

Condition: excellent (used), Throughfeed press 3000 mm Ljdpfx Afsza Duwswerr 14 top cylinders 6 side cylinders Water heating with heating elements in the plate CE marking Year of manufacture: 1996

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1986, Colour: Green Price: On request Feed through press Wemhoner VOF2-400-2 Serial number 13350686 Maximum press dimensions 1500x4400mm Maximum stroke 150mm Press pressure 400T 7.5kW, 380V 10 cylinders diameter 120mm Solid plates aluminum 90mm Top and heated, oil boiler included. Ljdjwng S Aspfx Afwerr With infeed and outfeed conveyor. Transport dimensions: Full normal trailer 13000x2400x2400mm, total weight 25,000kg. - Year: 1986 - Documentation available: No - CE certificate present: No - Serial number: 13350686 - Main motor power [kW]: 7.5 - Press drive: Hydraulic - Max. workpiece length [mm]: 4400 - Max. workpiece width [mm]: 1500 - Max. workpiece height [mm]: 120 - Total stroke [mm]: 150 - Number of stages [pcs]: 1 - Material of press plates: Steel - Number of cylinders [pcs]: 10 - Cylinder diameter [mm]: 130 - Total working pressure [ton]: 400 - Heating boiler present: Yes - Heating type: Oil heated Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Yorick Diebels

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1997, No. 3214 Feed-through veneer press Sergiani LAS Plus Used, year of construction 1997, already dismantled and stored Automatic press with continuous operation for the production of barrier doors, finished doors (veneer doors, HPL, CPL) and pre-treated parquet (2 - 3 layers). The press can be used to load the workpieces one after the other, while the pressure in the other compartments is kept constant. Up to 2 employees are required to operate the line. The multi-daylight press enables a very high production output. The pressing time is approx. 3 minutes (180 seconds) and is spread over 10 levels, which means that the press opens every 18 seconds and a new panel is processed. The press has already been dismantled and stored. The system was in operation until it was dismantled. The previous owner produced 3-layer parquet with the system. The bottom layer was inserted manually. The middle layer consists of one piece. This was glued at the top and bottom and automatically inserted into the system. The top layer was also inserted automatically. Glue spreader / glue applicator not included (optionally available) Stages: 10 Pressing force: approx. 5.5 kg/cm² Total force: 200 tons Panel size: approx. 2500 x 1300 mm LW Heating: Hot water Area of application: Production of doors, laminating, veneer and wood-based material processing High productivity with a capacity of up to 1200 doors per shift (factory specification) Vacuum loading system with 2-lane infeed roller conveyor, without gluing Lrsdpev Sthgsfx Afwsr Scissor lift table with loading belt (belt approx. 2900 x 1000 mm LW) Vacuum stacking station with outfeed roller conveyor Space requirement for press with loading table approx. 6500 x 2365 mm LW Space requirement for entire production line approx. 25000 x 5710 mm LW Sale on behalf of customer, ex location near 5020 Salzburg (Austria), without transportation and assembly Loading and transportation by us optionally possible Subject to errors in the description and price To avoid possible misunderstandings, an on-site inspection by appointment is possible and recommended Sold as is Technical details, condition description, year of construction and scope of delivery according to manufacturer's brochure or previous owner, without guarantee Subject to prior sale For used machines, any warranty is excluded, the following applies: “purchased as seen” Pictures and videos serve as examples and do not represent the actual scope of delivery Terms of payment: Prices excl. VAT, payment before collection or dispatch Terms of delivery: ex location

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Dimensions (L/W/H) 8500x1800x2150 mm Ledpfxsv A Hkce Afwsrr Weight 6000 kg Total power requirement 10 kw

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Dimensions (L/W/H) 1400x2450x2800 mm Total pressure 400 to Lrsdpfx Aoyk H Twjfwer weight of the machine ca. 12000 kg

Condition: used, Single-column – Eccentric press EBU, Type 75 SKU Machine No. P 4598462, Year of manufacture 1962 Pressing force 75 tons Reach 300 mm Table area 800 x 620 mm Die opening 325 x 225 mm Slide area 470 x 180 mm Tool holder bore Ø 40 mm Table height above floor 845 mm Stroke adjustment 16 - 140 mm Slide adjustment 80 mm Maximum installation height approx. 420 mm Stroke rate 60 + 105 strokes/min Motor power 4 kW Power supply 380 Volts, 50 Hz - Pneumatic clutch-brake combination EBU - Overload protection with shear plate in the slide - Tool monitoring system UNIDOR, Type APS MINI - Mechanically driven strip feed with strip straightener OSTERKAMP, Type ZPN 200/350 - Strip width: 200 mm, feed length: max. 350 mm - Strip thickness: max. 3 mm or approx. 200 x 1.5 mm - 2 speeds through 2 V-belt stages on the gear pre-stage Lredpfx Afodzqltjwor - Two-hand operation - Simple work area guard that can be swung open - Table height adjustment in the lowest position = threaded spindles for adjustment 50 mm below floor level - Control cabinet and operator panel for tool monitoring located beside the machine - Automatic central lubrication - 4 machine feet Space requirement L x W x H 2600 x 2300 x 2450 mm Weight approx. 5.5 tons Good condition

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2021, input current: 21 A, input frequency: 50 Hz, We are offering this used HOMAG DRILLTEQ V-200 through-feed drilling machine, manufactured in 2021. The machine has been regularly serviced by HOMAG. The package includes a KOGI dust extraction unit (2.2 kW / 1,650 Pa), two collection bags, and various tools. Specifications Vertical drilling block with 13 spindles Horizontal drilling block with 4 spindles on the X-axis Horizontal drilling block with 2 spindles on the Y-axis Grooving saw, Ø100 mm Correctness control system 10 kW tool-changing spindle Maximum workpiece length: 200–3,050 mm Workpiece width: 70–850 mm Workpiece thickness: 8–56 mm PowerTouch display WoodWOP software included Machine Data Type: DRILLTEQ V-200 OPTIMAT BHX050 Serial number: 0-250-73-6562 Year of manufacture: 2021 Power supply: 400Y/230 V Number of phases: 3 Frequency: 50 Hz Rated current at full load: 21 A Fuse rating: 25 A Control voltage: 24 V Lsdpoy Extmjfx Afwjrr The package also includes a KOGI dust extraction unit with a 2.2 kW motor and 1,650 Pa suction pressure, equipped with two collection bags, as well as various tooling. Should you have any questions or require additional information, please do not hesitate to contact us by email or telephone.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1998, functionality: fully functional, On offer: LEADTECH throughfeed grinder – 2 grinding units + sanding shoe, working width 400 mm. The machine is used, has undergone technical inspection, is fully functional, and ready for operation. Before purchase, it can be started and thoroughly inspected at our company’s premises. The machine’s greatest advantage is the arrangement of two grinding units complemented by a sanding shoe, which enables both surface leveling and more precise finishing. The first unit is equipped with a rubber roller with a diameter of 210 mm, while the second unit has a rubber roller Ø110 mm, a sanding shoe, and a metal roller Ø75 mm. Pneumatic oscillation ensures proper guidance of the abrasive belt during operation. Specifications: • manufacturer: LEADTECH • year of manufacture: 1998 • maximum working width: 400 mm • maximum working height: 130 mm • number of grinding units: 2 • first unit: rubber grinding roller Ø210 mm • second unit: rubber roller Ø110 mm, sanding shoe, and metal roller Ø75 mm • width of sanding shoe: 400 mm • main motor power: 11 kW • manual adjustment of working height • pneumatic oscillation of abrasive belt • width of conveyor: 400 mm • length of conveyor: 1100 mm • dust extraction outlets: 2 × Ø120 mm • weight: approximately 550 kg • overall dimensions: 150 × 86 × 155 cm (L × W × H) Applications: • sanding of solid wood components • sanding of panels and glued components • leveling and calibrating surfaces • intermediate sanding • finishing sanding using the sanding shoe • preparation of surfaces for painting, oiling, or further processing Lsdpszubxujfx Afwjrr • processing of components with a width of up to 400 mm and a height of up to 130 mm Additional information: • the photos show the actual condition of the offered machine • free training on machine operation at our company’s premises • the price stated in the auction applies to export sales/intra-community supply with a VAT rate of 0%; for domestic sales, 23% VAT will be added Financing and transport: • we arrange transport using our own MDD fleet or through external carriers • we assist in obtaining leasing or loan financing • delivery costs depend on the destination and the method of transport

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, Bruderer roll feed, BBV 202/120, left-hand side, suitable for installation on BSTA 25/250 or BSTA 50/500 presses Feed length 0-120 mm Roller width 120 mm Strip inlet width max. 203 mm Strip thickness max. 6 mm Feed length adjustment motorized. Fully overhauled in 2025. Available for immediate delivery. Also in stock are other feeder models, such as BBV 190/85, BBV 195/85, BBV 205/120, BBV 320/200 etc. Lsdpozlqkbofx Afwjrr Please contact us for more information!

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2012, stroke length: 250 mm, Mechanical stamping press manufactured in 2012. This Colombo Agostino T231A315 features a nominal press capacity of 315 tons and a slide stroke of 250 mm. It includes a motorized slide adjustment of 315 mm and a bed dimension of 1120 mm x 960 mm. If you are looking to get high-quality stamping capabilities, consider the Colombo Agostino T231A315 machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Main motor power: 32 kW • Stroke speed (min - max): 15 - 30 strokes/min • Slide stroke (working travel): 250 mm • Slide (ram) adjustment: 315 mm (motorized) • Shut height (max. closed die height): 650 mm • Shut height (min. closed die height): 335 mm (max. shut height minus slide adjustment) • Bed (bolster plate) dimensions: 1120 mm x 960 mm • Slide (ram) face dimensions: 1120 mm x 960 mm • Bottom cushion stroke (max): 160 mm (integrated) Lodpfx Afezcywajwsrr • Slide guidance: Precision guided ram system • Bed configuration: Fully machined bolster plate • Lubrication: Centralized automatic lubrication system Additional equipment • Feeding system: Coil/feeding line included • Optional equipment: Not included Technical Specification Stamping Force 3150 Kn

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1981, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 8109/30, Drilling and Dowel Inserting Machine with PLC + Part Return | 8 heads For sale: a professional through-feed drilling and dowel inserting machine for the production of furniture components, particularly drawer sides. The machine is equipped with PLC control, automatic part return, and an expanded head arrangement (including rear heads), enabling the complete operation to be performed in a single pass—without re-feeding the workpiece. Technical Specifications: - Number of heads/motors: 8 - Head configuration: front/side/rear (double-sided machining in a single cycle) - Control: PLC Lrodpfjyzg Udsx Afwor - Part return: yes (closed production loop) - Maximum working width: 2000 mm - Power supply: 400 V - Pneumatics: yes - Year of manufacture: 1981 - Manufacturer: Gerhard Koch (Germany) - Condition: operational, in ongoing serial production Performance: Approx. 6,000 drawer sides per 8-hour shift Thanks to the rear heads, components that typically require two passes are processed in one, significantly reducing cycle times and increasing productivity. Applications: - Drawer sides - Cabinet components - Batch and repeat production - Automated production lines Key advantages: - Single pass processing instead of two - High repeatability - Stable, heavy-duty construction - Perfect for mass production - Proven German technology Location: Elbląg Please contact me for further information.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Through-feed optimizing saw controlled by numeric control and personal computer with Brushless cutting system for the optimization of the wood and the elimination of the defects. COSTCUTTING OPTIMIZING SAW Supercut 500 is a high-speed optimizer able to meet the highest production capacities with utmost reliability. EXTREMELY ROBUST Very robust and reinforced steel structure. The in-feed belt conveyor is synchronized and managed by the same motor of the advancing rollers. Exclusive system with a double and solid top and bottom traction. Top advancing group with three hardened drive rollers with teeth and 6 idle pressing wheels (3 couples). Rising and descending of each toothed roller managed by numeric control. TECHNOLOGICALLY INNOVATIVE Electronic system composed of a computer connected in real time to a last generation numeric control. Software S4U running on Windows. Complete with 5 qualities managing. 22” LED colour screen. Tele-service trough internet. Macro Excel included. FAST Innovative cutting system, it is so fast as to make the blade almost invisible to the human eye. Fast and full optimization maintaining a notable compactness of the machine. Feeding system with Brushless servo driven 18 Nm motor. Cutting system with Brushless servo driven 28 Nm motor. Power motor blade HP=7,5 (5,5 kW) Eight idle rollers under the belt of the in-feed conveyor. Lrjdpfefhdvrsx Afwor RELIABLE AND SAFE Double steel marking platform. Electric box separated from the machine and self-standing. Independent pneumatic regulations to adapt to different types of working. Internal lighting.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Through-feed optimizing saw controlled by numeric control and personal computer for the optimization of the wood and the elimination of the defects. COSTCUTTING OPTIMIZING SAW Supercut 300 is an extremely fast optimizer able to revolutionize your firm's production system. Really Fast: an exclusive dual workpiece feed system combined with an ultra-rapid cutting unit make Supercut 300 unique. EXTREMELY ROBUST Very robust and reinforced steel structure. The in-feed belt conveyor is synchronized and managed by the same motor of the advancing rollers. Exclusive system with a double and solid top and bottom traction. Top advancing group with three hardened drive rollers with teeth and 6 idle pressing wheels (3 couples). Rising and descending of each toothed roller managed by numeric control. TECHNOLOGICALLY INNOVATIVE Electronic system composed by a computer connected in real time to a last generation numeric control. Software running on Windows. Complete with 5 qualities managing. 22” LED colour screen. Lredpfxjfhgz Is Afwsr Tele-service trough internet. + Macro Excel included. FAST Fast and full optimization maintaining a notable compactness of the machine Feeding system with Brushless servo driven 18 Nm motor. Power motor blade HP=7,5. Eight idle rollers under the belt of the in-feed conveyor. RELIABLE AND SAFE Double steel marking platform. Electric box separated from the machine and self-standing. Independent pneumatic regulations to adapt to different types of working. Internal lighting.

Year of construction: 2018, condition: good (used), ASYS TDM 06 * Year of manufacture: 2018 * Dimensions (L × W × H): 1,590 × 1,000 × 950 mm * Transport height: 850 mm * Overall height including signal light: 2,050 mm * Weight: 235 kg * Passageway width: 790 mm * PCB size: 70–460 × 50–460 mm * PCB thickness: 0.8–4.5 mm * PCB weight: 0–3 kg * Maximum component height: ±40 mm * Power connection: 230 V / 50 Hz * Pneumatics: 6 bar supply pressure, 5 bar working pressure, oil-free compressed air Lrodpfxezqbkvo Afwer * Sound pressure level: < 75 dB(A) * Complete documentation available

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 100708, feed length X-axis: 6,300 mm, feed length Y-axis: 250 mm, feed length Z-axis: 200 mm, overall weight: 2,500 kg, saw blade diameter: 700 mm, input voltage: 400 V, saw blade bore: 30 mm, We offer this used H&M HM-Z Automatic Through-Feed Machine, year of manufacture 2008. Ljdpfey H Dblex Afwsrr Machine: HM-Z Type: 4-F Serial number: 100708 Production date: 15-04-2008 Connection voltage: 400 V Power: 19 kW Weight: 2500 kg Air pressure: 6-10 bar Maximum saw blade diameter: 700 mm Minimum saw blade diameter: 600 mm Saw shaft hole diameter: 30 mm Maximum milling cutter diameter: 400 mm Minimum milling cutter diameter: 300 mm Cutter shaft hole diameter: 60 mm Completely overhauled in 2024 by Diba Machinehandel and has hardly been used since, due to an additional business activity. Must go due to lack of space. Infeed section adapted to a working length of 7 meters during the 2024 overhaul. H&M crosscut saw: approx. 19.5 x 4 meters Price is exclusive of dismantling, transport, assembly and accessories, valves, pipes, extraction hoses, and power cables. If you have any questions or would like more information, please feel free to send us a message or call us.

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER: 5799 TECHNICAL DATA - Max. width of workpiece: 230mm - Max. height of workpiece: 140mm - Min. length of workpiece: 300mm - 2 sanding units: - Upper and lower + platens * Upper: - 2 sliding, metal pressure rollers - Pressure - Sanding unit: 2 metal rollers + platen - Sliding pressure roller - Conveyor belt * Lower: - Conveyor belt - 2 sliding, smooth metal rollers - Pressure - Sanding unit: 2 metal rollers + platen - 3 sliding, smooth metal rollers - Electrically adjustable sanding height - Oscillation of sanding belts - Pneumatic belt cleaning - Smooth feed rate adjustment using a frequency inverter: 3-15 m/min - Feed motors: 2 x 0.37 kW - Main motors: - Upper: 5.5 kW - Lower: approx. 5.5 kW - Air consumption: 6-8 bar - Diameter of dust extraction nozzles: 4 x 100mm - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2340 x 1420 x 1920 mm - Weight: 1480 kg Lrsdpjzty Nvofx Afwer - For short components (belts overlap) - German manufacture - Very good condition - Unpainted - Used sander Net price: 18900 PLN Net price: 4500 EUR Net price calculated based on an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (Price may change in the event of significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER: 6916 TECHNICAL DATA - Max. width of workpiece: 200 mm - Max. height of workpiece: 150 mm - 2 sanding units: upper – metal roller + backing pad + metal roller lower – metal roller + backing pad + metal roller from above: - metal pressure roller - sanding unit - slip metal pressure roller - cleaning brush - conveyor belt from below: - conveyor belt - 2 slip metal rollers, smooth - sanding unit - metal pressure roller - cleaning brush - output roller - electrically adjustable sanding height - pneumatic oscillation of sanding belts - stepless feed rate adjustment - feed motors: 0.55 kW - main motors: 2 x 4 kW Lrjdpfezty Npox Afwer - air consumption: 6-8 bar - diameter of dust extraction nozzles: 3 x 80 mm, 1 x 120 mm - overall dimensions (L/W/H): 1800 x 2070 x 2000 mm, weight: 1422 kg - Made in Germany - Unpainted - Very good condition, used sander Net price: 22900 PLN Net price: 5452 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (The price may change if the exchange rate fluctuates significantly)