Used Heidenhain Linear Incremental Measuring System Ls487 for sale (45,654)

Year of construction: 2020, condition: new, For sale due to an incorrect purchase – price upon request. New and in original packaging – unused. 3 units available. Gkjdefuwzlspfx An Isb

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2019, machine/vehicle number: SO-22949/1/19, REF: MM6218 Gkodpfx Anoxd Thms Iob 1 X Sparc Systems 8-lane linear weighing combination system. Technical specification⚙️ ✅ Manufacturer - Sparc Systems Ltd. ✅ Model - LCWS. ✅ Overall dimensions - 1620mm long x 920mm wide x 1620mm high. Note 🗒️ Seller has a quote for service and getting production-ready at cost of £12-15k per unit.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2023, input voltage: 240 V, overall weight: 35 kg, travel distance X-axis: 300 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 200 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, We offer this used Keyence IM8030 measuring system, year of manufacture 2023. Manufacturer: Keyence Model: IM8030 Construction year: 2023 Condition: used Category ID: 404 Type ID: 2224 Type: measuring system Gedpozzyaqjfx An Iskb If you have any questions or need more information, feel free to send us a message or give us a call.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2011, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: H513201129, type of input current: AC, input voltage: 220 V, measuring range X-axis: 750 mm, measuring range Y-axis: 50 mm, measuring range Z-axis: 250 mm, Selling a high-quality and fully functional Sony Magnescale 3-axis digital measuring system for machine tools, milling machines, special machines, or measurement tasks. The system comes from an industrial application and is in used, good condition. All components are functional, and the display works perfectly. Scope of delivery: Sony LH51-3 digital display (3 axes) Sony SR128-025 linear scale – measuring length 250 mm Sony SR128-045 linear scale – measuring length 450 mm Sony SR128-075 linear scale – measuring length 750 mm Sony TS-1 3D touch probe Extension cable Connection cable as shown in the photos Operating manual (digital as a PDF file) Technical data: 3-axis digital display Sony LH51-3 Measuring system: Sony Magnescale Axis X: SR128-075 – measuring length 750 mm Axis Y: SR128-045 – measuring length 450 mm Axis Z: SR128-025 – measuring length 250 mm Resolution up to 0.001 mm (adjustable depending on the device) Absolute and incremental mode Radius/diameter display Reference and zero point functions Industrial design for machine tools Gjdpfxszmxk Ss An Iekb Note: Only the items shown in the photos are included in the sale. Please refer to the photos. Inspection and functional testing are possible by arrangement. A functional video can be sent before shipping. Private sale, excluding any warranty, guarantee, or right of return. Keywords: Sony Magnescale, Sony LH51, LH51-3, Sony SR128, Sony TS-1, digital display, DRO, digital readout, displacement measuring system, linear scale, linear encoder, position display, milling machine, lathe, machine tool, CNC, machine retrofit, Heidenhain, Acu-Rite, Accurite, Fagor, Newall, Mitutoyo, RSF Elektronik, Renishaw, Renishaw encoder, Renishaw linear scale, Renishaw measuring probe, Sino, Easson, Anilam, machine DRO, scale for milling machine, digital display for milling machine, drilling machine.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2013, operating hours: 39,945 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 450 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 580 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 400 mm, controller manufacturer: Heidenhain iTNC 530, total height: 2,900 mm, total length: 5,500 mm, total width: 2,650 mm, spindle speed (min.): 28,000 rpm, coolant supply: 40 bar, Year of construction: 2013 CNC controller: Heidenhain iTNC 530 Axes X-axis travel mm: 450 Y-axis travel mm: 580 Z-axis travel mm: 400 C-axis degrees: 360º (0,0001) A-axis degrees: +10 / -110º Feed rates m/min: 80 Rapid traverse m/min: 80 Acceleration in the axes m/s2: 13 Milling/turning table nc: Number of pallets: System 3R (21 pallets type GPS 240, 30pallets type GPS 120 and 24 pallets type ITS50) Table dimensions mm: baseplate for root pallet Maximum workpiece size (D x H) mm: for pallet GPS 240 (275x275x200mm); for pallet GPS 120 (150x150x200mm) and for pallet ITS50 (ø70x200mm) Max. workpiece weight kg: 150 (pallet + workpiece) Spindle Spindle speed rpm: 28000 Spindle drive power kW: 35/25 (40%ED/cont) Cooling Cooling through the Spindle Center bar: 40 Tank capacity: 600 Tool system Tool holder: HSK-A 63 Tool magazine slots: 120 Tool changer: Double gripper Equipment Electronic Handwheel Chip conveyor Infrared probe Internal cooling lubricant supply Rotating inspection windows Rinsing gun blowing air through spindle center selectable via M-function Laser tool measurement for measuring tool length and diameter 3D quickSET Arrangement for external pallet management Accuracy package Internal coolant supply Gksdjxv Av Ropfx An Iob Electrical cabinet active cooling unit Spindle active cooling unit Toolholders are not included Tools are not included Paper band filter Machine running times Under power: 62983 Spindle Working: 39945 Rated power kVA: 60 Basic machine dimensions / weight Length mm: 5500 Width mm: 2650 Height mm: 2900 Weight kg: 9500 + system 3R

Condition: new, New HEIDENHAIN length measuring system. The original packaging was opened solely for the purpose of taking photographs. Manufacturer: HEIDENHAIN Type: LS 486C Device type: Incremental, encapsulated length measuring system Gkodpfxszcgz Eo An Iob Measuring length: 1020 mm Measuring method: Incremental Output signal: 1 Vpp Pitch period: 40 µm Scanning principle: Single-field scanning Protection class: IP53 Mounting type: Clamping mounting

Condition: used, This listing is for the Partical Measuring Systems LASAIR lll 310c particle measuring systems The unit is in full working condition and is ready for immediate release The Lasair® III 310C is a state-of-the-art portable aerosol particle counter designed to meet the stringent requirements of highly regulated environments. Manufactured by Particle Measuring Systems (PMS), it sets the standard for portable particle counters, ensuring that your environment remains clean and compliant.​ Key Features Particle Size Range: 0.3 to 25.0 µm Flow Rate: 1.0 CFM (28.3 LPM) ±5% Counting Efficiency: Complies with ISO 21501-4 requirements Gksdpfx Aexv A T Non Ijb Display: 8.4" color VGA IR touch screen (IP65 rated) Data Storage: Up to 3,000 complete data sets Connectivity: Ethernet, Modbus TCP/IP, RS-232, USB data downloading; optional wireless Ethernet Environmental Inputs: Four 4-20 mA inputs for external sensors Power Options: Operates on AC power or hot-swappable batteries Compliance: Meets ISO 14644-1, EU GMP Annex 1, and ISO 21501-4 standards Software Compatibility: Supports FacilityNet, PharmaceuticalNet, and FacilityPro for data analysis and reporting Reporting Capabilities: Cleanroom certification results are available through a local printout, downloadable via USB in a secure format, or through the use of external software packages Wireless Communication: Wireless network communications are facilitated with an externally mounted wireless adapter, simplifying communications with network systems ​ Specifications Dimensions: 30.1 x 32.7 x 25.9 cm Weight: 6 kg (without battery), 7.5 kg (with two optional batteries) Operating Environment: Temperature: 0 – 30°C; Humidity: 5 – 95% RH non-condensing Sample Tubing: Supports 3/8", 1/2", and 3/4" tubing up to 8 meters in length Sample Output Filtering: Internally filtered to >99.97% at 0.3 µm

Year of construction: 2013, condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, REF: MM6423 Complete weighing and bagging system which has previously been used to pack frozen peas and vegetarian products into pillow packs. This system comprises of the following equipment: 1 x Infeed swan-neck conveyor with flighted belt mounted on mobile frame (stored outside). Date of manufacture - 2013. Belt width - 245mm wide. 1 x Yamato Scale Dataweigh (UK) Ltd ADW-514AWCC 14-head multi-head weigher with dimple pans. Manufacturer - Yamato Scale Co., Ltd. Speed - up to 120 drops/minute (depending on product and weight). Weighing range - up to 1000g. Rated to IP66 (waterproof). 1 x Gantry unit with steps. Footprint dimensions - 5.7m long x 2.7m wide x 2.72m high. 1 x Gainsborough Engineering Ltd GV2K3 vertical form, fill and seal bagging machine. Manufacturer - Gainsborough Engineering Ltd. Date of manufacture - 2013. Sealing jaws: Horizontal - 360mm wide / Vertical - 420mm long. Packing speed - up to 60 packs/minute (depending on bag size). Bag size range: Smallest - 80mm wide x 80mm long / Largest - 320mm wide x 350mm long. Supplied with jaws for poly and laminate film, block-bottom and gusseted bags as well as 3 x forming tubes. Forming tubes: for forming pillow/’fin-seal’ packs measuring 130mm, 220mm and 270mm wide. Gsdjy Um T Hepfx An Iokb 1 x Outfeed inclined conveyor. Belt dimensions – 2250mm long x 425mm wide. Outfeed height – 1000mmm. Some spare parts are also included. Videos available on request.

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Steinheil KONTUR 408-2/D Optoelectronic Contour and Shaft Measurement System High-precision Steinheil KONTUR 408-2/D optoelectronic contour and shaft measurement system with high-quality Jenoptik optics Gksdpfxszz Hwvj An Isb The system is designed for non-contact, high-precision, and rapid measurement of rotationally symmetric components (e.g., shafts, camshafts, turned parts) The device scans the measurement object non-contact using the shadow image principle. Rotational measurements are recorded with up to 1,440 measurement points on the circumference per measurement location. Evaluation and quality control are performed directly via integrated SPC (Statistical Process Control) software based on Windows NT, featuring clear tolerance bars and diagrams The system is housed in a closed aluminum profile enclosure with a transparent protective cover and is safeguarded by professional safety light curtains System Overview Operating Principle: It scans workpieces non-contact using the shadow image principle. Main Application: Fast and precise measurement of complete workpiece contours and shafts in industrial settings. The Measuring Unit (KONTUR 408): Vertical measuring setup with integrated IR LED illumination and sensor technology Measuring range: Diameters from 4 to 85 mm, workpiece lengths up to 400 mm Drive & scales: Brushless servo motors and high-precision Heidenhain scales The device is housed in a sturdy aluminum profile frame with transparent protective panels and Sick safety light curtains. The control& IT Infrastructure: A rugged 19-inch control cabinet (Rittal) houses the VME bus process computer. A separate PC workstation controls data analysis and visualization (historically designed for Windows NT). A wide range of standard interfaces on the rear panel (including RJ-45 network, serial COM ports, parallel LPT2 printer port, AUI interfaces, and BNC coaxial connectors) Technical Specifications: Manufacturer: Steinheil Model: KONTUR 408 Diameter measurement range: 4 mm to 85 mm Length measurement range: up to 400 mm Diameter resolution: < 0.5 µm Length resolution: 0.5 µm Rotation resolution: 0.018° Measurement Accuracy (at 20°C): Diameter: ± 2 µm; Length: ± [5 + L [mm] / 100] µm Sampling Rate (Scans): 2,000 per second / 5,000 per mm Measurement Times: 10 to 50 seconds (depending on the number of test features) Measuring Systems / Scales: High-quality Heidenhain scales (length & rotation) Drive System: Brushless DC servo motors (controlled via Elmo NBA 10/200RH amplifiers) Process Computer: VME bus computer in a Rittal cabinet Data Analysis/Visualization: PC workstation (designed for Windows NT) Illumination: IR LED system (service life approx. 50,000 hours) Protection rating: IP 54 Operating temperature: +10 °C to +45 °C Dimensions (W x H x D): approx. 590 x 900 x 380 mm Weight: approx. 100 kg (plus peripherals/cabinet) Installation: Desktop unit / tabletop setup “Everything from a single source: We’d be happy to offer you suitable bank financing for your project.” komplett-konzept.leasingo.de

Year of construction: 2022, condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, REF: MM6470 Volumetric filling and sealing system for pre-made pouches (doypacks). Rotary Volumetric Filler mounted on stainless-steel frame with 1 x Pre-made pouch (doypack) filling and sealing machine. Manufacturer - Qinyao/Top Y Machinery. Date of manufacture - 2022. Setup of volumetric filling system: Stainless-steel large infeed hopper over Rotary volumetric cup filler (freestanding) with nylon volumetric cups. Setup of pre-made pouch fill and seal machine: Twin-lane bag magazine (lanes 1# and 2#), vacuum pick-up and bag opening (1#Sucking, 2#Sucking, Pick Up Bag, Open Bag), front and back sealing jaws with sponge-faced grippers, Siemens Smart Line HMI, Omron controllers for front jaw, back jaw and printer, thermal transfer ribbon coder and discharge chute. Speed – variable up to 20 packs / minute, depending on fill volume. Pack size range – can handle doypacks up to 300mm long x 250mm wide. Controls – Siemens Smart Line HMI touch-screen control with easy-to-use programme settings. Tooling – 1 x Set of volumetric cups, previously used to pack whey protein products (1000g volume), dried fruit (200g volume) and other dry ingredients (depends depending on product). Supplied with a fill head attachment for plastic scoops as the material is deposited. Electrical requirements - 3 phase. Gksdjzp E T Sopfx An Ieb Requires compressed air supply. Condition – Very good, likely has a total use of one year production. *Please note* - the pre-made pouch (doypack) filler and sealer has previously been used / fed by a linear weigher and a multi-head weigher depending on what the products being packed were.

Condition: used, This listing is for a Mitutoyo 202TP Vision Measuring System The unit is in full working condition and is ready for immediate release The Mitutoyo 202TP Vision Measuring System is a vision measuring machine — a type of optical metrology system that uses high‑resolution imaging and software to measure the dimensions of parts without physical contact. These systems are widely used for precision inspection of components in industries like automotive, electronics, medical devices and precision engineering. Vision measuring systems eliminate many of the errors and limitations of manual microscope measurements by combining controlled lighting, high‑resolution cameras, automatic edge detection, and computer analysis to deliver accurate and repeatable measurements Gedpfxsxzgtde An Ijkb

Condition: new, New HEIDENHAIN length measuring system. The original packaging was opened solely for the purpose of taking photographs. Manufacturer: HEIDENHAIN Type: LC 183 Gedezcgybspfx An Iskb Device type: Absolute encapsulated length measuring system Measuring length: 540 mm Accuracy class: 5.0 µm Measuring method: Absolute Data interface: EnDat 02 Measuring step: 10 nm Pitch: 20 µm Electrical connection: Flange box, 14-pole Mounting type: Integrated mounting strip Available quantity: 4 pieces

Condition: new, HEIDENHAIN length measuring system LC 182 – measuring length 940 mm New HEIDENHAIN length measuring system. The original packaging was only opened for the purpose of taking photographs. Manufacturer: HEIDENHAIN Type: LC 182 Device type: Absolute length measuring system Measuring length: 940 mm Measuring step: 0.001 µm Accuracy class: ±3 µm Mounting type: Clamping Scanning principle: Single-field scanning Protection class: IP53 Gjdpfx Anozcgwmo Iokb Supply voltage: 5 V DC ±5 % Output signal: 1 Vss

Condition: new, HEIDENHAIN length measuring system LC 183 – measuring length 540 mm New HEIDENHAIN length measuring system. The original packaging was only opened for taking photographs. Manufacturer: HEIDENHAIN Type: LC 183 Device type: Absolute length measuring system Measuring length: 540 mm Scanning principle: Single-field scanning Measuring method: Absolute Godpfx Anjzcgxwo Ijkb Output signal: EnDat Mounting type: Clamping Protection class: IP53 Available quantity: 3 pieces

Condition: used, functionality: unexamined, overall weight: 75 kg, Equipment: documentation/manual, Magnetic linear guides / positioning systems with Heidenhain Lida 101C scales “Magnetic Linear Motor Motion Systems” | "Linear Motor Motion System" Gsdpfx Anew Evqce Iekb Stroke guide: 1240 mm Weight: 75 kg.

Year of construction: 2020, condition: good (used), Used 6-meter straightedge from Pehu Top quality, new price approximately €20,000. Net measuring length: 6000 mm Also suitable for printing applications. Year of manufacture: 2020 Gedpfezgua Nsx An Iskb

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2018, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: W25-M5-18-17210, number of axes: 7, The measuring arm was last calibrated in October 2024. The laser scanner was calibrated in April 2024. Gjdpfozx N Rgex An Iskb TECHNICAL DETAILS Measuring system: FARO Quantum M ScanArm Measuring range: 2.5 m Axes: 7 Measuring method: Tactile coordinate measurement and 3D scanning Laser scanner head: FARO LLP HD, Revision 3.2 MACHINE DETAILS Application areas: Dimensional inspection, CAD component comparison, first article inspection (FAI), production control, tool and fixture inspection, and reverse engineering Measuring stand height: 750 - 1,000 mm Measuring stand weight: 17.25 kg Reach: 350 mm EQUIPMENT FARO LLP HD laser scanner head, Revision 3.2 Tactile probes MetrologyWorks Kodiak HDP-KCF measuring stand Measuring stand construction: Carbon fiber/aluminum Measuring stand mounting ring: 3"-8 Original FARO transport case Batteries Power supply Cables Mounting accessories Calibration documentation Technical documentation Manual Note: The laptop and PolyWorks software are not included in the offer.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2024, TBM-D 2009006 – Position Sensor Box / Inclination Sensor Box V3 Manufacturer: TBM SW-Entwicklung und Elektronik GmbH (Germany) Production date: 02/2024 Power supply: 12 V DC, power consumption 70 W Condition: used, very good, fully functional Professional measurement/control box designed for industrial applications. The device is used for handling and processing signals from position/inclination sensors in test systems, automation, and research & development stations. Equipment and features: • LCD display for parameter presentation • Numeric keypad for configuration and operation • D-Sub communication interface • 12 V power sockets Gsdpfjyc H R Tox An Iokb • Robust aluminum housing • CE marking • Device inspected (TBM inspection stickers)

Condition: used, For sale: PREWI industrial measuring table designed for dimension control of furniture components, panels, and carpentry parts. Technical data: - Measuring area: 2800 × 1050 mm, Z = 65 mm - Digital readout: HEIDENHAIN ND 5023 3X - Measurement in 3 axes - Stable industrial construction - Complete guides and measuring system - Accuracy: Absolute accuracy X/Y +/- 0.10 mm - Typical repeatability X/Y +/- 0.02 mm - Relative accuracy Z +/- 0.05 mm - Typical repeatability Z +/- 0.02 mm - Resolution: 0.01 mm Condition: - Machine is in working order - Inspection possible before purchase - Digital readout functions correctly - No technical documentation available Applications: Godpfx Anozc Hwys Iskb - Dimension control of furniture panels - Measurement of furniture fronts - Verification of components after CNC machining - Quality control of production The machine is currently in a production facility and is ready for further operation. Inspection and testing of the machine are possible on-site by prior arrangement. For technical questions regarding the measuring table, please call Andrzej at 789 487 841.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2005, functionality: fully functional, total width: 6,300 mm, total height: 2,100 mm, total length: 20,000 mm, working width: 2,600 mm, input voltage: 380 V, type of input current: three-phase, roll width: 2,600 mm, roller length: 7,600 mm, We offer this ready-to-use ICO SYSTEM reactive PUR hot melt press, model ICO SYSTEM, manufactured in 2005. ICO SYSTEM reactive PU hot melt press line – 2,600 × 7,000 mm For sale: complete industrial reactive PU hot melt press line for single-sided bonding of large sheet materials. This robust production line from ICO SYSTEM International Coating GmbH has been successfully used for years by TABB Interior Systems BV for the production of high-quality laminated sheet materials. The installation is in excellent technical condition, is fully operational, and can be put into production immediately. Key features: Reactive PUR hot melt bonding Maximum panel size: 2,600 × 7,000 mm Suitable for single-sided bonding Year of manufacture: approx. 2005 Fully functional and well-maintained PLC control with touchscreen Automatic vacuum portal for precise panel positioning Throughfeed system for controlled curing and constant pressing force Roller conveyors and transport tables included Gjdezlh Auepfx An Iokb Suitable for: The installation is suitable for bonding a variety of flat sheet materials, including: plywood MDF HDF particleboard HPL composite panels aluminum and steel sheets various other industrial sheet materials. Production process The line is designed for an efficient and reproducible production process: positioning of the bottom sheet application of reactive PUR hot melt automatic placement of the top sheet using a vacuum portal passage through the heated press controlled curing and output of the finished product. Thanks to the automatic handling, large panels are produced quickly, accurately, and with consistent adhesive quality. Scope of supply The complete installation includes, among other things: ICO SYSTEM heated throughfeed system automatic vacuum portal with suction cups conveyor belts and roller conveyors control cabinet with PLC/HMI complete steel structure and handling. Condition The machine is fully operational, is still in use in production, and is available only due to a change in the production process. Inspection while running is possible by appointment. Interested? Please contact us for additional information, technical specifications, a demonstration, or an inspection. This high-quality industrial press line is ideally suited for companies that want to efficiently bond large sheet materials with a high-quality PUR hot melt bond.

Condition: good (used), SEF LR 3 Fiber Laser Scanner Box SEF LR 3 Fiber Laser Scanner Box Heidenhain LC 18 Encapsulated Linear Encoder Godoxqzu Iopfx An Iokb Measuring Length: 2240 mm Accuracy: +/- 5.0 µm Financing through our bank is also possible. komplett-konzept.leasingo.de Find more items – new and used – in our shop! International shipping costs on request!

Condition: refurbished (used), We offer repair and replacement services for all types of Heidenhain measuring systems: LS 803, LS 903, LS 303, LS 403, LS 501, LS 503, LS 603, LS 703, LS 106, LS 186, LS 706 Gksdpfeq Sahnsx An Iob LB 325, LB 326, LB 301, LB 381, LB 382 LC 481, LC 483, LC 485, LC 181, LC 183, LC 185 Scanning units can also be repaired or replaced individually. Many measuring systems are available for immediate exchange. Please inquire about your required type.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2011, functionality: fully functional, Auriga 60 Computer-Controlled FE-SEM with patented GEMINI® electron optics and field emission cathode, designed for analytical applications and high-resolution imaging under high-vacuum conditions. Year of manufacture: 2011 FIB column type: Cobra FIB column Gkjdpjzz H I Iofx An Ijb SEM column type: Schottky field emitter Installed detectors: • SESI (commercial) • InLens • ESB • 4QBS (pneumatic) • STEM (pneumatic) • EDX X-MAX 80 mm (Oxford) • EBSD (HKL Channel 5) • Charge compensation Gas injection system: Platinum Maintenance report: The system has been serviced annually, with a service report provided each time. Operating hours: 13,290.33 hours (with current filament) PC and software included: Yes Included components: All pumps, cooling systems, and control units are included, except for the dampers. Software Version: • SEM: SmartSEM Version 6.00 (June 9, 2016) • EDX: INCA software package – Version 5.03 Price: Negotiable price excluding VAT and delivery

Condition: ready for operation (used), Heidenhain ID: 203 263 Length Measurement System LS 701 - ML 320 mm SN: 176517F with LS 703 reading head, used, in good condition, 100% functional, delivery as per photos. Gksdpfx Aoy Nqfven Ijb

Condition: new, Product description: The EPS LINEAR automatic length stop system, which can be easily mounted on a new or existing machining center. This system allows products made of various materials and with different lengths to be measured quickly, easily, and accurately. EPS LINEAR is a length stop system that is widely used in the wood, plastics, aluminum, and light steel industries. The system is very easy to operate and accepts inputs in millimeters and/or tenths of a millimeter. The system can be installed either to the left or right of the machining center. The system is available from 1 meter and can be extended up to 14 meters. Specifications of the EPS LINEAR: Speed: up to 40 meters/minute. Gedpfx Anetd Tndj Ijkb Holding force: 1800N Accuracy: +/- 0.10 mm Voltage: 230V, control voltage 24V Buttons: Start, Stop, reference, measure probe on/off, button for parameters Displays: actual value, desired value Emergency stop: this button immediately stops the EPS LINEAR Screen: touchscreen with large indicators and a clear layout of buttons Attachment: very easy to switch on and off for short pieces Software: fully proprietary, kept up to date in-house Components: industrial components and maintenance-free Cables: cables, including cable track, are supplied up to a maximum of 14 meters. Our advertisements have been prepared with the utmost care; typographical and specification errors are reserved.