Used 4-Shaft Wood Shredder for sale (65,242)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, total length: 7,000 mm, total width: 3,050 mm, total height: 4,000 mm, overall weight: 32,450 kg, warranty duration: 12 months, hopper volume: 4,000 l, rotor diameter: 750 mm, rotational speed (max.): 12 rpm, rotational speed (min.): 5 rpm, blade width: 75 mm, power: 150 kW (203.94 HP), rotor width: 1,800 mm, Genox X1800 Twin Shaft Shredder, suitable for shredding various types of materials including tyres, metals, plastics, wood, packaging materials, household & construction waste etc. Robust, heavy duty construction with easily replaceable wear parts ensures reliable operation, long service life and low maintenance operation. Gedpezh En Tsfx Apnsbp The machine is equipped with twin 75kW (150kW Total Power) drive motors and oversized, heavy duty reduction gearboxes as standard. Providing high torque, low speed operation. The shafts can be started and operated independently which reduces on site power requirements and improves performance. Blade width and hook configuration can be specified to suit the specific application and output size requirements. The shredding blades and spacers are manufactured from heat treated, high quality, precision ground specialist steels to ensure long life, shred quality and minimal operational costs. Segmented blades with replaceable tips are available as an option.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1991, total length: 1,660 mm, total height: 1,470 mm, total width: 1,100 mm, Colour: Grey Empty weight: 1.300 kg - Year: 1991 - Documentation available: No - CE certificate present: No - Serial number: 500-1014 - Main motor power [kW]: 18.5 - Rotor width [mm]: 600 - Opening width [mm]: 600 - Opening length [mm]: 800 - Sieve perforation [mm]: 15 Gsdpfx Apswu Uy Isnsbp - Number of rotating knives [pcs.]: 1 - Transport dimensions: 1660mm x 1100mm x 1470mm (l x w x h) - Transport weight [kg]: 1300kg - Transport packages [pcs.]: 1 Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Yorick Diebels

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Weima Single-Rotor Shredder Type WL 6 Power: 18.5 kW Our WL 6 machine concept The Weima high-performance shredders, with their flexible application possibilities, can process all types of wood-based materials (hardwood, softwood, chipboard, MDF materials, plywood, veneer remnants, etc.) into fuel chips, and achieve an enormous volume reduction of the material, especially with bulky materials. Mode of operation: The machine is equipped with a large feed hopper and can be fed either by a conveyor belt or manually. This hopper can be adapted to individual needs and guarantees a continuous and cost-effective material feed without the need for manual assistance. Technical specifications WL 6 / 18.5 kW Hopper opening: 800 x 1,000 mm Hopper volume: 0.9 m³ Working width of the rotor: 800 mm Diameter of the rotor: 252 mm Drive power: 18.5 kW Rotor speed: 80 - 120 rpm Number of knives: 42 pieces Type and size of knives: concave / 40 x 40 mm, cutting reversible crowns Screen perforation: 10-60 mm possible (standard 15-20 mm) Paint: WEIMA standard RAL 2002 / 7016 Connection value: 400 V +/- 5% / 50 Hz Weight: approx. 1,600 kg Included: - Control cabinet (Rittal) including electrical control (Moeller / Siemens) and star-delta starter - Rubber vibration dampers - V-rotor (patented) with knife pockets milled into the profile Gbedeh Eiw Iepfx Apnsp - Gearbox limit switch - Pressure bar - Very robust Weima WAP gearbox - Logspacer (self-clearing hopper) - 2nd knife row Available from stock in 54634 Bitburg - immediately available - Request more information

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Weima Single-Rotor Shredder Type WL 6 Power: 18.5 kW Our WL 6 Machine Concept The Weima high-performance shredders, with their flexible application options, can process all types of wood-based materials (hardwood, softwood, chipboard, MDF materials, plywood, veneer remnants, etc.) into fuel chips, achieving an enormous volume reduction of the material, especially with bulky materials. Operating principle: The machine is equipped with a large feed hopper and can be fed by means of a conveyor belt or manually. This hopper can be adapted to individual needs and guarantees a continuous and cost-effective material feed without the need for manual assistance. Technical Specifications WL 6 / 18.5 kW Gbjdjh Hnp Dopfx Apnsp Hopper opening: 800 x 1,000 mm Hopper capacity: 0.9 m³ Working width of the rotor: 800 mm Diameter of the rotor: 252 mm Drive power: 18.5 kW Rotor speed: 80 - 120 rpm Number of knives: 42 pieces Type and size of knives: concave / 40 x 40 mm, cutting reversible edges Screen size: 10-60 mm possible (standard 15-20 mm) Paint: WEIMA standard RAL 2002 / 7016 Connection value: 400 V +/- 5% / 50 Hz Weight: approx. 1,600 kg Included: - Control cabinet (Rittal) incl. electrical control (Moeller / Siemens) and star-delta starter - Rubber vibration dampers - V-rotor (patented) with knife pockets milled into the profile - Gearbox end switch - Pressing bar - Very robust Weima WAP gearbox - Log spacer (self-cleaning hopper) - 2nd knife row Available from stock in 54634 Bitburg - immediately available -

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, Single-shaft shredder HOKUTech special offer model H600 Compact, robust, high throughput The H600 high-performance shredder with its flexible application options can process all types of wood-based materials (hardwood, softwood, chipboard, MDF materials, plywood, veneer residues, etc.) into chips and achieves an enormous reduction in the volume of bulky materials. The hydraulically controlled pusher feeds the wood waste to be shredded into the cutting area of the rotor and is controlled automatically and load-dependent. The high-performance solid steel electric rotor has a diameter of 252 mm and operates at a rotor speed of 85-95 rpm. The concave-ground, aggressive and 4-way rotating knives / reversible cutting crowns are located in milled knife pockets on special knife carriers. This highly efficient system guarantees high throughput, low energy consumption and optimum discharge of the shredded material by reducing the cutting gap between the counter blade and the rotor. Chip size (10 - 60 mm) Gbodpfx Asutmw Hspnop Technical data: - Hopper opening - Hopper capacity - Working width of the rotor - Diameter of the rotor - Drive power - Rotor speed 600 x 800 mm 0.6 m3 600 mm 252 mm 15 kW 90 rpm Location: Comes to stock 54634 Bitburg - available by arrangement -

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Weima chipper / shredder WL 8 The WL 8 single-shaft shredder is a proven classic for shredding all types of wood waste. It is used, for example, thousands of times in wood-processing plants all over the world. The high quantity of these highly demanded shredders guarantees a proven and reliable technology at the best price-performance ratio. The machines are characterized by their very robust design, which ensures an extremely long service life (even outdoors). Intuitive operation thanks to Siemens PLC control with touch display. To ensure that the electronics are optimally matched to the machine, we design, build and wire our control cabinets ourselves. We only use high-quality components - for example from Siemens or Rittal. Intuitive touch interfaces guarantee quick adjustments. Functions such as setting the slider clock or stop ensure high throughput. The built-in overload protection also prevents defects in the machine. No material bridges due to free-cutting hopper design The hopper fulfills several tasks at once. First, the material to be shredded is fed through it - manually, mechanically, or by conveyor belt. The generous opening makes it easy to fill even very large parts. However, its special design, which is rounded at the front and thus effectively prevents material bridges, is decisive for shredding. Even with bulky parts, the shredder cuts itself free. If required, both hopper extensions and lids with gas pressure springs are available. Durable rotor bearings thanks to offset design A rotor bearing must be particularly robustly built due to the extreme stresses it is subjected to during shredding operation. To prevent dust or foreign matter from getting inside it, we have set it apart from the machine frame. This also makes it very maintenance-friendly and easy to access. Rotor diameter (mm): 260 Rotor length (mm): 1000 Rotor speed (rpm): 80 - 125 Power (kW) 22 Number of knives: 54 Available knife sizes (mm): 40 x 40 Grain size (mm): Suction port (mm): 200 Feed opening (mm): 1000 x 1250 length (mm): 2045 width (mm): 1740 height (mm): 1840 Gedspdqzxjpfx Apnebp Weight (approx. kg): 2200 Accessories: - 2nd row of knives - logspacer Location: Ex stock 54634 Bitburg - immediately available -

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2018, functionality: fully functional, power: 257.42 kW (349.99 HP), Mobile shredder LINDNER MIURA 1500. Foldable discharge conveyor. Radio remote control. Gsdou Di Azjpfx Apnebp

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2010, functionality: fully functional, Industrial WEIMA extraction and briquetting setup removed from a working environment. Used from new by the same company and regularly serviced/maintained. Includes: WEIMA TH 520 extraction/filter unit WEIMA WL8 shredder Briquette press Blower system Control cabinet Associated ducting/pipework Model: TH 520 Year: 06/2010 400V 3 Phase 7.5kW 50Hz Weight: approx 1.2 tonne Joinery workshops Furniture manufacturing MDF/wood waste processing Recycling operations Biomass fuel production System is currently operational and can be demonstrated working. Buyer responsible for removal/transport. Gbodozgclaepfx Apnsp Located: South Wales Message for more details, viewing or video walkthrough. Open to offers

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, RSS 2-shaft shredder 600 series 2 x 7.5 kW rotor length: 600 mm blades: 30 mm The machine can be configured to your requirements, including electrical control cabinet. Delivery time by arrangement. Infeed and discharge conveyors available on request. This shredder is ideally suited for destroying items such as hard drives, laptops, mobile phones, rubber, wood, paper, etc. Want to know more? Call or email us. On arrangement, we can also deliver and install the machines. Gbsdpfxow Ry Alo Apnop Please respond with your name, company name, and a valid telephone number for a prompt reply.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, RSS 600 series Mono Rotor Shredder new model 2026 Gjdpfx Apeirt H Aensbp 18.5kw Screen size in consultation Motor cover, pusherbox guide strips, PLC controlled. Conveyor and/or discharge screw is optional available. suitable for various types of plastic/wood/or other material Delivery in consultation Larger or smaller models also available. Intrested ?, reactions with your name, company name and telephone number.

Condition: used, Wood band saw, band saw machine, band saw, vertical band saw Gbedpfxjkia T Us Apnop -Manufacturer: Hema Paul and Gotthilf Heermann, vertical band saw -Type: unfortunately without type designation -Drive: 4 kW -Cutting width: max.770 mm -Cutting height: max.400 mm -Saw band: length 5330 mm -Work table: pivoting -Dimensions: 1470/935/H2390 mm -Total weight: 743 kg

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1969, Wood band saw, band saw machine, band saw, vertical band saw -Manufacturer: Hema Paul and Gotthilf Heermann, vertical band saw -Type: unfortunately without type designation -Drive: 4 kW -Cutting width: max.785 mm -Cutting height: max.475 mm -Saw band: length 5600 mm -Work table: pivoting -Drive motor with brake -Dimensions: 1600/1020/H2430 mm -Total weight: 794 kg Godpeh N Thwjfx Apnsbp

Year of construction: 1961, condition: used, Wood band saw, band saw machine, band saw, vertical band saw -Manufacturer: Hema Paul and Gotthilf Heermann, vertical band saw -Type: unfortunately without type designation -Drive: 4 kW -Cutting width: max.780 mm -Cutting height: max.480 mm -Saw band: length 5600 mm -Work table: pivoting -Dimensions: 1420/920/H2400 mm -Total weight: 800 kg Gsdpfxemzkh Ij Apnebp

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2017, operating hours: 6,886 h, functionality: fully functional, Basic version DW 3060-F “Buffalo” (Carrier Machine) Central axle trailer chassis with 3 axles, 80 km/h road approval Brake system incl. ABS and lighting according to EC directive 50 mm EC towing eye incl. mounting bracket Hydraulically adjustable support leg Splash guards (inner and side mudguards) Permissible total weight 25,000 kg Tyres: 385/65 R22.5 Mercedes-Benz/MTU diesel engine 6R1300, 360 kW at 2,000 rpm, complies with EUROMOT IV emission standard Reinforced planetary gear 380 kW Additional hydraulic connection 20 l/min Hydraulic preparation for drive system Fuel tank 2 x 300 litres Rear conveyor: belt length 5,500 mm, belt width 1,200 mm, hydraulically foldable, with anti-magnetic centre section Longitudinal conveyor: belt length 3,300 mm, belt width 1,000 mm Gbedpfexx Tfzex Apnsp Centrally arranged lubrication strips 24 V electrical control system Roller reverse function via electric motor when engine is at standstill Automatically reversing fan Chassis with level control Acoustic start-up warning Doppstadt telematics system Paintwork: RAL2011 deep orange Optional equipment: Hydraulic drive system SHREDDING SYSTEM SIZE “L” 600/4 COMPLETE Additional hydraulic connection 70 l/min Radio remote control Comb extension Size “L” Limiter Mounting for comb extension Limiter Size “L” Overband magnet for rear conveyor Frame for overband magnet Spraying system

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1994, functionality: fully functional, For sale is a high-quality MAKA AH 430 surface planer, manufactured by Griggio S.p.A. (Italy). The machine is in good condition and impresses with its robust industrial design, long cast iron tables, and a modern 4-cutter reversible cutterhead. The machine is equipped with a 2600 mm long planing table, a Centrofix planing fence (adjustable), and a 4-cutter cutterhead with reversible cutters. A set of replacement cutters is also included in the scope of supply. Ideally suited for carpentry shops, joineries, and professional timber construction. Technical data Manufacturer: MAKA / Griggio S.p.A. Model: AH 430 Year of manufacture: 1994 Planing width: 430 mm Table length: 2,600 mm Voltage: 400 V CE version Equipment 2,600 mm long precision cast iron tables Planing fence, infinitely adjustable 4-cutter cutterhead with reversible cutters Centrofix Set of replacement cutters included Robust industrial design Large aluminum planing fence Safety cutterhead guard Lateral workpiece support 400 V heavy-duty power connection CE version Gsdpfszix Sbox Apnsbp Scope of supply MAKA / Griggio AH 430 surface planer Planing fence 4-cutter reversible cutterhead Centrofix Set of replacement cutters Accessories as shown in the photos Condition The machine is in good used condition. The cast iron table surfaces are well preserved, and the machine generally gives a very solid impression. Thanks to the long planing tables and the 4-cutter reversible cutterhead, it is ideally suited for precise planing work in professional applications. Inspection and test run are possible at any time by appointment. Transport is possible for an additional charge! The machine will be inspected before sale. For used machines with a year of manufacture of 2009 or earlier, the warranty is excluded when sold to commercial customers. Technical data and equipment may vary. Subject to errors, prior sale, and changes. All information without guarantee.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2018, operating hours: 8,011 h, functionality: fully functional, total length: 16,000 mm, total width: 3,000 mm, total height: 3,600 mm, overall weight: 40,600 kg, power: 360 kW (489.46 HP), Doppstadt DW3060K Büffel/Biopower/Type F/Selector HS-514/Shredder/Crusher/Industrial Shredder • Manufacturer: Doppstadt • Type: DW3060K Büffel • Year of Manufacture: 2018 • Operating Hours: 8011 hrs • Power: 360 kW/489 hp • Industrial Shredder • Engine: Mercedes Benz MTU OM471LA(6R 1300) EUROMOT IV, 6-cylinder diesel • Pneumatic spiral fan • Fuel tank: 2 x 300 liters • AdBlue • Telematics system • Crushing roller, size M Gbjdpszimm Hofx Apnjp • Length: 3 meters • Diameter: 80 cm • Tooth width: 7.4 cm • Tooth height: 8.5 cm • Number of teeth: 125 pieces • Throughput: 20-60 t/h, depending on the material • Magnetic belt • Track system: Strickland 335713-DK40-AA • 2 travel speeds • Loading height: 3.10 meters • Remote control • Central lubrication system • Transport length: 16 meters • Transport width: 3 meters • Transport height: 3.60 meters • Total weight: 40,600 kg • German machine • Ready for immediate use _____ Selector HS-514/Star screen with return conveyor • Screen size: 8-10 cm • 13 star shafts • Integrated support legs • The attachment is picked up by the machine and driven via the auxiliary hydraulics • Star shafts are reversible • Reversing mechanism: Hydraulic • Return system for larger materials • Discharge height: 3.10 meters • This offer is non-binding and subject to change. - Subject to prior sale, - Errors and/or typos are not excluded. - Sale subject to our general terms and conditions.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2019, – Feed opening size (width/length): 820 x 1050 mm – Rotor diameter: 300 mm – Rotor length: 820 mm – Total power: 18,5 kW – Power supply: 400 V, 50 Hz – Rotating knives: 35 x 35 mm – Number of knives: 40 pcs – Siewe Ø: 15 and 25 mm - Output : Screw in the bottum of machine + 3000 mm waste conveyer – HYDRAULIC DRAWER – Pressing drawer height: 320 mm – Outlet diameter: Ø200 mm Gbjdpfx Apozkb Uzenop – Dimensions (L/W/H): 200 / 150 / 175 cm – Weight: ~1600 kg

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 600 kg, – Relatively good condition – Manufactured in Austria TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: – Hopper dimensions: 120 cm x 100 cm – Power: 2 x 11 kW – Four axles Gbodpfxjzinu Eo Apnsp – Axle length: 400 mm – Axle diameter: 300 mm – Screen: Ø 30 mm – Auto-reverse – Dimensions (l/w/h): 140 / 130 / 200 cm – Weight: 600 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 557/2008, power: 18.5 kW (25.15 HP), overall weight: 1,860 kg, Schuster LL 800 HSLA wood chipper / shredder for residual wood For sale: Schuster LL 800 HSLA wood chipper from 2008. This robust industrial wood chipper is suitable for processing hardwoods, softwoods, chipboard, and other wood-based materials. The machine is equipped with a powerful 18.5 kW motor (400V) and is built for intensive use. Thanks to the hydraulic feed system and sturdy construction, the machine is reliable and easy to operate. Ideal for carpentry companies, furniture makers, and wood processing companies. Specifications: Gjdezil Nmopfx Apnsbp Brand: Schuster Type: LL 800 HSLA Year of construction: 2008 Power: 18.5 kW Connection: 400V Suitable for hardwoods, softwoods, and sheet materials Delivery from Enschede. For other questions or more photos, you can always send us a message.

Condition: used, Shredder, Hammel 950 E type, electric Includes overband magnet and long conveyor belt. Completely overhauled, like new! Gearbox completely overhauled! Gbjdpfx Ajza Addopnsp Optionally available with shafts for wood, waste, or metals. Request a quote. Disclaimer: The images are sample images of the machine in its overhauled condition.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2017, operating hours: 20 h, functionality: fully functional, power: 55 kW (74.78 HP), Vecoplan Shredding Unit – Efficient Processing of Wood Waste The Vecoplan shredding unit is a powerful complete solution for the continuous processing of wood waste, cut-offs, strips, boards, and other wood residues into high-quality wood chips. The coordinated components ensure a consistent material flow, reliable continuous operation, and high economic efficiency. Components of the system: Vecoplan VTH 65/25/5/U Industrial Shredder (year of construction 2017) The VTH 65/25/5/U is a robust industrial shredder for continuous use in the wood industry. With its inlet opening of 650 × 250 mm and a drive power of 55 kW, it reliably and energy-efficiently processes a wide variety of wood residues. Depending on the material properties, the machine achieves a throughput of 1 to 5 tons per hour. The VTH series is characterized by high throughput rates, a robust design, and low maintenance requirements. Vecoplan VR 65/24 Vibrating Table The vibrating table with a usable area of 650 × 2,500 mm ensures a uniform material distribution and continuous feeding of the shredder. This avoids peak loads, optimizes system performance, and ensures a smooth production process. Vecoplan KKF 500-1K-U Scraper Conveyor The downstream scraper conveyor with a conveying width of 500 mm reliably transports the shredded material for further processing or storage. It is ideal for transporting wood chips, sawdust, wood shavings, and pellets and impresses with its robust industrial design. Advantages of the system Complete, perfectly coordinated Vecoplan system Consistent material feed through vibrating table High throughput of up to 5 t/h Robust industrial design for continuous operation Gedpfxszh Ti Ee Apnebp Low maintenance requirements Ideal for sawmills, wood processing companies, biomass plants, and pellet production Immediately ready for use for the economical processing of wood waste.

Condition: reconditioned (used), Year of construction: 2017, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 30,000 kg, rotor length: 3,000 mm, power: 375.1 kW (509.99 HP), Crawler-mounted crushing plant, Neuenhauser TARGO 3000. Godjzd Srdspfx Apnobp Equipment, detailed description: see documents.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, operating hours: 4 h, functionality: fully functional, power: 18.5 kW (25.15 HP), overall weight: 1,250 kg, total length: 1,750 mm, total width: 1,200 mm, total height: 1,640 mm, working width: 630 mm, input voltage: 400 V, control cabinet height: 200 mm, control cabinet length: 600 mm, control cabinet width: 600 mm, number of blades: 30, rotational speed (max.): 100 rpm, rotor diameter: 260 mm, rotor width: 630 mm, sieve perforation: 15 mm, type of input current: AC, warranty duration: 12 months, Equipment: documentation/manual, Hacker waste material shredder, wood shredder, chipper, shredder MHR630 proline The MHR proline series comprises robust and energy-efficient wood shredding machines designed for reliable continuous operation in commercial environments. These ready-to-connect shredders offer high performance, low energy consumption, and excellent value for money. This makes them ideally suited for craft businesses, recycling companies, and industrial operations seeking an economical yet powerful solution. The machines are manufactured in our factory in Germany and sold directly. Advantages: - Continuous, uniform shredding process - High performance with low energy consumption - 2 knife rows for increased throughput - Robust construction - Larger feed opening - Excellent value for money - Ready to connect - Siemens PLC controlled - MHR630 proline Gedpfxjzlbxis Apnebp Rößler waste material shredder – “Made in Germany”

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7687 TECHNICAL DATA - Inlet width: 540 mm - Inlet height: 300 mm - Shaft width: 630 mm - Shaft diameter: 700 mm - Knife length: 630 mm - Number of knives: 2 pcs - Screen size: 40x40 mm - Bottom driven serrated shaft - Lower shaft motor: 4 kW - Top driven serrated shaft - Upper shaft motor: 4 kW - Belt feeder - Feeder belt length: 4720 mm - Feeder belt width: 500 mm - Main motor: 75 kW - Autoreverse (adjustable) - Overall machine dimensions (L/W/H): 3100x2000x1830 mm - Overall feeder dimensions (L/W/H): 4800x780x980 mm - Weight: approx. 5000 kg ADVANTAGES – German-made Gbodpsza Ei Nofx Apnjp – Autoreverse – Used chipper, in very good condition Net price: 120,900 PLN Net price: 28,780 EUR depending on exchange rate at 4.2 EUR (Prices may vary in case of significant fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 6875 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - Infeed width: 720 mm - Infeed height: 160 mm - Maximum input material thickness: 160 mm - Shaft width: 720 mm - Shaft diameter: 600 mm - Knife length: 80 mm - Number of knives: 4×12 pcs - Screen size: 25 mm - Infeed pressure feed roller motor: 0.75 kW Gedpfxoza D T Tj Apnsbp - Lower toothed feed roller motor: 1.8 kW - Upper toothed feed roller motor: 1.8 kW - Vibrating chute length: 4470 mm - Vibrating chute width: 710 mm - Vibrating chute motor: 2.2 kW - Main motor: 55 kW - Autoreverse (with adjustable control) - Extraction nozzle diameter: 260 mm - Vibrating chute dimensions (L/W/H): 4470/950/930 mm - Machine dimensions (L/W/H): 3100/1500/1170 mm - Total weight: approx. 5500 kg – German manufacture – Very low hours – Original documentation – Used shredder, condition very good / excellent Net price: 139,900 PLN Net price: 33,300 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In the event of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may be subject to change)