Used Colortronic Grinding Mill for sale (13,315)

Condition: good (used), Single Head Capstan Block Wire Drawing Machine Maximum Inlet Wire's Diameter: 30 mm Iijdet Ixkzspfx Apqod

Condition: repair required (used), Year of construction: 2019, functionality: fully functional, In operational condition: MAXMILL NVM1166 - HISION VMU1100 - HISION V180 Iodpfx Asy Iyw Sjpqjid

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, Dry and Wet Ball Mill: Structure, Operation, and Technical Details A ball mill is a fundamental grinding device used in mineral processing, cement manufacturing, chemical production, and other industrial applications. It works by rotating a cylindrical shell filled with grinding media—usually steel balls—causing impact and friction that reduce materials to fine powder. Based on the grinding environment, ball mills are classified into dry and wet types, each suited for specific materials and process requirements. Working Principle Both dry and wet ball mills operate on the same mechanical principle. The rotating cylinder, driven by a motor through a gear system, lifts the grinding media and material along the inner wall. As the rotation continues, the balls fall under gravity, striking and grinding the material. The difference lies in the presence or absence of a liquid medium during grinding. Dry Ball Mill A dry ball mill is used when the material must remain moisture-free or when water could affect product quality. It is commonly applied in cement clinker, limestone, quartz, and refractory material grinding. The discharge can be either grate type or overflow type, depending on the desired fineness. Technical Features: Feeding size: ≤25 mm Discharge size: 0.075–0.4 mm Capacity: 0.65–90 t/h Liner material: High manganese steel or wear-resistant alloy Drive system: Gear-driven or direct-coupled motor Dust control: Equipped with air exhaust and dust collector Advantages: Suitable for materials sensitive to moisture No drying process required after grinding Lower corrosion risk and simpler maintenance Easier material classification and separation Limitations: Dry grinding produces more dust and heat, requiring efficient ventilation and dust collection systems. Wet Ball Mill A wet ball mill operates with water or another liquid medium added to the material. The slurry formed during grinding improves efficiency by reducing friction and preventing excessive heat buildup. It is widely used in ore beneficiation, ceramics, and chemical industries. Technical Features: Ijdoq Nx Alepfx Apqeid Feeding size: ≤25 mm Discharge size: 0.074–0.2 mm Capacity: 0.65–615 t/h Liner material: Rubber or high-chromium steel Discharge method: Overflow or grate type Auxiliary equipment: Classifier, pump, and thickener for slurry circulation Advantages: Higher grinding efficiency and finer particle size Reduced dust and noise levels Continuous operation suitable for beneficiation circuits Better control of particle uniformity Limitations: Requires drying if the final product must be in powder form and involves more complex slurry handling. The selection between dry and wet grinding depends on the material characteristics, downstream process, and environmental conditions. Dry mills are preferred for materials that must stay moisture-free, while wet mills are ideal for fine grinding and slurry-based processes. Conclusion Dry and wet ball mills share the same mechanical structure but differ in their grinding environment and application scope. The dry type offers simplicity and low maintenance for moisture-sensitive materials, while the wet type provides higher efficiency and finer output for mineral and chemical processing. Understanding their technical parameters and operational differences ensures optimal equipment selection, improved productivity, and reliable performance in industrial grinding operations.

Condition: new, power: 55 kW (74.78 HP), Year of construction: 2026, A hammer crusher is a machine that uses high-speed rotating hammers to crush and break materials into smaller pieces. It is commonly used in various industries, including mining, cement, construction, metallurgy, and chemical processing. The basic principle of a hammer crusher involves a central rotor with hammers or blades that rotate and impact the material being crushed against a hard surface. Here are the key features and components of a typical hammer crusher: 1. Rotor: - The rotor is a central component of the hammer crusher. It usually consists of a shaft with multiple discs or hammers attached. - The rotor's rotation causes the hammers to swing outward, impacting the material. 2. Hammers: - Hammers are the striking or crushing elements attached to the rotor. They can be fixed or pivotally attached. - The material is crushed as the hammers impact it, generating kinetic energy. 3. Casing or Housing: - The casing or housing encloses the rotor and hammers, providing structural support and safety. - It also serves to contain the crushed material and direct it to the desired discharge point. 4. Grate Bars or Screens: - Positioned at the bottom of the crusher casing, grate bars or screens control the size of the crushed material by allowing smaller particles to pass through while keeping larger ones inside for further crushing. 5. Impact Plate: - Located near the bottom of the crusher, the impact plate absorbs the impact energy generated by the hammers and prevents excessive wear on the casing. 6. Drive System: - The hammer crusher is powered by a motor connected to the rotor through a drive belt or coupling. - The motor provides the necessary power to rotate the rotor, enabling the hammers to crush the material. 7. Adjustable Discharge: - Some hammer crushers feature an adjustable discharge, allowing users to control the size of the crushed material by adjusting the gap between the impact plate and the hammers. 8. Applications: - Hammer crushers are used for crushing a variety of materials, including coal, limestone, gypsum, aggregates, and various minerals. - They are commonly employed in the mining industry for primary and secondary crushing of ore. - In the cement industry, hammer crushers are used to crush limestone and other materials before they are mixed into the raw meal. 9. Maintenance and Safety: Iisdpfjq I Nxdox Apqsd - Regular maintenance is essential to ensure the efficient operation of a hammer crusher. This includes checking and replacing worn hammers, inspecting the rotor, and lubricating moving parts. - Safety features, such as access doors and safety guards, are typically incorporated to prevent accidents during operation and maintenance. Technical Specifications (Typical MINGYUAN Series) Model Category,Max Feed Size,Capacity (t/h),Motor Power (kW),Rotor Speed (rpm) Small (PC-400), ≤100mm, 5 – 10, 11, "1,000" Medium (PC-800),≤200mm, 20 – 50, 55, 750 – 900 Heavy (PC-1200),≤350mm, 80 – 110, 132 – 160, 600 – 750 Heavy Hammer,"≤1,200mm", "500 – 1,000+ ","400 – 1,000" ,Variable

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, power: 7.5 kW (10.20 HP), Batch ball mills find applications in various industries where the processing of materials in discrete batches is required. The versatility of batch ball mills makes them suitable for a range of applications. Here are some common batch ball mill applications: 1. Ceramics Industry: - *Glaze Preparation:* Batch ball mills are extensively used in the ceramics industry for preparing glazes. Raw materials such as feldspar, quartz, and clay are ground with ceramic balls to achieve the desired particle size for glaze formulation. 2. Chemical Industry: - *Material Grinding:* Batch ball mills are used for grinding and blending various chemical materials. This includes the production of pigments, dyes, and other specialty chemicals where precise particle size control is crucial. 3. Pharmaceuticals: - *Drug Formulation:* In pharmaceutical manufacturing, batch ball mills are used for grinding and blending powders to create drug formulations. The controlled environment provided by these mills is essential for maintaining the integrity of pharmaceutical compounds. 4. Food Industry: - *Ingredient Mixing:* Batch ball mills may find application in the food industry for mixing and grinding ingredients. This can include the production of food additives, flavorings, and other powdered or granular products. 5. Mining and Minerals Processing: - *Ore Grinding:* Batch ball mills are used in mining and minerals processing for grinding minerals and ores. The controlled grinding helps in obtaining the desired particle size for subsequent processes, such as mineral separation or extraction. 6. Paints and Coatings: - *Pigment Dispersion:* In the paints and coatings industry, batch ball mills are employed for dispersing pigments into paint formulations. Achieving a uniform particle size is crucial for the quality and appearance of the final coating. 7. Building Materials: - *Raw Material Grinding:* Batch ball mills are used in the preparation of raw materials for the production of building materials, such as cement and concrete. Grinding of materials like limestone and clay helps in obtaining the desired fineness for subsequent processes. 8. Electronic Materials: - *Ceramic Powder Processing:* In the electronics industry, batch ball mills can be employed for processing ceramic powders used in the production of electronic components and insulating materials. 9. Research and Development: Iijdpeq I N H Nsfx Apqjd - *Material Testing:* Batch ball mills are often used in research and development laboratories for testing and optimizing material formulations. They provide a controlled environment for small-scale processing and experimentation. 10. Customized Applications: - *Specialized Processes:* Batch ball mills can be adapted for various specialized processes in different industries where precise grinding and mixing are required. Custom modifications can be made based on specific application requirements. When using a batch ball mill, it's important to consider factors such as the type of material being processed, desired particle size, and the specific requirements of the end product. Additionally, following the manufacturer's guidelines and maintaining proper operating conditions are essential for efficient and effective milling processes. Technical details We have different options for different requirements, please contact our team for more info.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1999, machine/vehicle number: 6624, total width: 1,000 mm, total length: 3,200 mm, total height: 1,800 mm, input voltage: 400 V, table length: 1,300 mm, power: 13.5 kW (18.35 HP), No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! Iisdjzlfm Dspfx Apqsd The machine has been cleaned, repainted, and tested for functionality. TECHNICAL DETAILS Length of magnetic grinding table: 1,300 mm Drive: 13.5 kW Magnetic table: swiveling MACHINE DETAILS Dimensions (L x W x H): 3,200 x 1,000 x 1,800 mm EQUIPMENT Water cleaning with filter cloth Guide rail Separate control cabinet Separate control panel

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2005, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 2,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 500 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 550 mm, table length: 2,600 mm, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel range, X-axis: 2,000 mm Travel range, Y-axis: 500 mm Travel range, Z-axis: 550 mm C-axis rotation: 360° Table length: 2,600 mm Table width: 550 mm Tool holder: ISO40 Main spindle power: 22 kW Spindle speed: 20 - 12,000 rpm Positioning accuracy: 0.01 mm Travel speed: 667 mm/s Number of axes: 4 MACHINE DETAILS Isdpfjzk Dv Uox Apqoid Control system manufacturer: Siemens Power consumption: 24 kW Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 7,500 x 3,700 x 2,500 mm Net weight: 9,600 kg Shipping packages: 2 EQUIPMENT Tool magazine External cooling Chip conveyor CE marking

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2002, operating hours: 22,347 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 190347, travel distance X-axis: 3,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,600 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,500 mm, table load: 3,000 kg, controller model: Heidenhain TNC 430 B, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel in X-axis: 3,000 mm Travel in Y-axis: 1,600 mm Travel in Z-axis: 1,500 mm Table size (2x): 2,000 x 2,000 mm Table load: 3 t Spindle speeds: 60 - 3,000 rpm Spindle mount: ISO 50 MACHINE DETAILS Control system: Heidenhain TNC 430 B digital Number of controlled axes: 6 Milling drive: 25 kW Isdpfxjzku Sgj Apqeid Total power consumption: 50 kW Dimensions & Weight Footprint: approx. 6.5 x 3 x 3 m Machine weight: approx. 26 t Program runtime: 22,347 h EQUIPMENT Integrated coolant system (ICS) 40-position automatic tool changer Chip conveyor High-speed spindle (30,000 rpm) 2 pallets

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2000, operating hours: 25,616 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 184640, travel distance X-axis: 3,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,400 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,500 mm, table load: 5,000 kg, controller model: Heidenhain TNC 430 B, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! TECHNICAL DETAILS Iedozku R Aepfx Apqeid Travel in X-axis: 3,000 mm Travel in Y-axis: 1,400 mm Travel in Z-axis: 1,500 mm Table size: 3,200 x 1,100 mm Table load: 5 t Spindle speeds: 60 – 3,000 rpm Spindle mount: ISO 50 MACHINE DETAILS Control system: Heidenhain TNC 430 B digital Milling drive: 22 kW Total power consumption: 50 kW Dimensions & Weight Space requirement: approx. 6.5 x 3 x 3 m Machine weight: approx. 22 t Program runtime: 25,616 h Machine operating hours: 53,291 h Control system operating hours: 55,029 h EQUIPMENT 20-position automatic tool changer Milling head can be swiveled and rotated automatically in 1.5° increments Chip conveyor Adaptable high-speed spindle (30,000 rpm) Mist coolant system

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2004, operating hours: 77,374 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 419-01, travel distance X-axis: 6,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 630 mm, controller model: Siemens 840D, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, The machine spindle was replaced in 2021 (spindle operating hours approx. 7,300 h)! The machine underwent a general overhaul in 2013! The machine has been continuously maintained and repaired annually by the manufacturer, and kept up to date with the latest technology (preventive maintenance). The last maintenance was carried out in January 2024. TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel distance X-axis: 6,000 mm Travel distance Y-axis: 630 mm Spindle speed: 12,000 rpm Spindle torque: 140 Nm Rapid traverse rate in X/Y/Z: 60 m/min Chip-to-chip time vertical: 3.0 sec. (3.3 sec. DIN) Chip-to-chip time horizontal: 4.7 sec. (5.0 sec. DIN) MACHINE DETAILS Control system: Siemens 840D Type of power supply: 3/N/PE Mains frequency: 50/60 Hz Operating voltage: 400 V Control voltage: 220/24 V Connected load: 52 kVA Rated current: 75 A Fuse rating: 80 A Weight: 19,500 kg Iiedpfx Aezlnm Hopqjd Operating hours: 77,374 h EQUIPMENT 5-axis milling package Scraper belt conveyor, discharge height: 1,050 mm Coolant-through-spindle (CTS) preparation Vacuum rotary filter KNOLL VRF250 (steel, cast iron, aluminum, plastic, brass) High pressure 70 bar with HD pump and variable valve Cooling nozzle per oscillating table Emulsion mist extraction, 2 extraction fans at 800 m³/h each Rotating viewing window on the left and right (1,400 mm from the center of the machine) Automatic loading doors Center partition for oscillating machining 92 tool positions HSK-A63 (rear magazine) Compressed air blow Tool life monitoring Additional V24 RS232 in the control cabinet BDE/MDE interface (status: machine on, machine running, piece counter) Marposs (Brankamp) collision monitoring CMS100 3D machine model for kinematic simulation in the CAM programming system Hydraulic unit 210 bar, 2 clamping circuits, separate system clamping pressure per oscillating table, clamping pressure control Linear clamping system KOHN 8 hydraulic clamping blocks KOHN Multi 2000 MFS 125/680 HD Two-part grating platform for the operator across the entire operating width of 6,000 mm

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2018, functionality: fully functional, feed length X-axis: 445 mm, feed length Y-axis: 195 mm, feed length Z-axis: 415 mm, spindle speed (max.): 2,500 rpm, spindle speed (min.): 75 rpm, quill stroke: 125 mm, table width: 240 mm, table length: 800 mm, Warco Milling Machine Model: Super Major Vario Year: 2018 Table Area: 800 x 240mm Long Travel: 445mm Cross Travel: 195mm Vertical Travel: 415mm Quill Stroke: 125mm Spindle Taper: R8 Spindle Speed: 75 – 2500 RPM Machine With: Vice Dividing Head Some Tooling Stand Iiodpfx Apozlhtmjqsd Digital Readout Dimensions: 1270 x 930 x 2670mm High Weight: 500 KGS

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2004, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 2,000 mm, Mazak CNC Mill – Turn Centre Model: E-650H Control: Mazatrol 640M Pro Year: 2004 Distance Between Centres: 2000mm Swing Over Bed: 905mm Machine With: C Axis Y Axis Live Tooling/Milling Isdpfx Aezlhp Ispqsid B Axis 800mm Power Chuck Manual Steady 375mm Open Steady 600mm Air Filer Mist

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, Brierley Universal Automatic Drill Grinder Iedezlhlpspfx Apqjid Model: ZB 32 Capacity: 2.5-32mm With Cams

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, total width: 355 mm, total length: 381 mm, total height: 1,270 mm, grinding wheel diameter: 203 mm, Dormer Automatic Drill Grinder Iedezlg Szopfx Apqeid Model: 108

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2021, 2021 Hurco TMX8MYSI Twin Spindle Lathe with Hurco CNC Control & Procobots Universal UR10E Robot Distance Between Centres Approx 725mm. Swing Over Bed Approx 500mm. Swing Over Cross Slides Approx 500mm. Max Turning Approx Ø330mm. Max Turning Length 527mm. Max Bar Capacity 65mm. 'X', 'Y' 'Z', 'W' Axis Travel 285mm x 560mm x 110mm x 640mm. Spindle Max Speed 4,500mm. Spindle Power 25kW. Spindle Nose A2-6. Kitagawa BR08 Power Chuck Ø203mm. Turret Tool Type VDI 40. (12) Station Tool Capacity. Remote Pendant Control. Procobots UR10E Digital Control Robot Arm, Max Payload 12.5kg, Max Reach 1,300mm. S/No. of Lathe ST8SV27103A1ERBAH. Isdpfx Aszk I Rpepqjid Including: Mobile Swarf Conveyor. Hung Ji Hydraulic Power Unit. Transformer. ICS Cool Energy Ic 220 Stand Alone Chiller. Weight of Lathe Approx 7,500kg. 415 Volt Power Supply.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2021, 2022 Hurco TMX8MYSi Twin Spindle CNC Lathe With Hydrafeed MS65 Barfeeder Iiodpfx Aezk I Rcepqjd

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2013, 2013 Doosan DBC130 CNC Horizontal Milling/Boring Machine Iedezk Dt Hepfx Apqeid Table Dimension 1,800 x 1,600mm 913 'T' Slots). Maximum Table Load 15,000kg. Axis Travel 'X'=3,000mm, 'Y'=2,000mm, 'Z'=1,600mm, 'W'=600mm. Maximum spindle Speed 3,000rpm (26kW Motor). 90 Position ATC. S/No.MB0003-000431 (2013/08). With Coolant System. Overall Dimensions L8,970 x W7,660 x H4,910mm. Weight 43,000kg. D Turner & Sons, a pre approved site rigger, is available to provide immediate quotations for equipment removal. D Turner & Sons, a pre approved site rigger, is available to provide immediate quotations for equipment removal.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1997, Year: 1997 Table: 1780 x 415mm Spindle Speed 30 – 2066 RPM FIDIA Control Power Draw Bar Ijdpfx Aewtd Dyjpqsid LOVO Light Coolant

Condition: used, New 2013 Table size 1474 x 356 mm X axis 1016 mm Y Axis 596 mm Z Axis 584 mm (Head Traverse) Spindle Speeds 40 – 5000 rpm & 40ISO 7.5 hp Spindle Drive. Max Table load 850 kg Iisdeyhdi Repfx Apqjd

Condition: used, Model: CW Serial No: 26520 Capacities: Maximum Swing Over Bed: 430mm Maximum Distance Between Centres: 2500mm Wheel Dimensions: 660x 75mm Work Head Speeds: (3) 20 – 160rpmrpm Wheel Head Speeds: 735rpm Table Swivels: Electrics: 415v, 3ph, 50 Cycles Motors Wheel Head: 20 HP 975rpm Work Head: 3HP 1120rpm Complete With: 2 No 2 Point Open Steadies Complete Iisdpfjyx Hx Dox Apqed Tailstock Mounted Wheel Dressing Attachment Coolant Approximate Dimensions: 6,750 x 2000 x 1800mm Approximate Weight: 9,000kg

Condition: used, Butler Elgamill CNC Travelling Column Bed Type Mill x 5000mm T slotted Table 8,000mm x 1030mm Column travel X 6200mm TBC Ram travel Y 1250mm TBC Vertical travel of Head Z 1950mm TBC Spindle speeds Various and a Max of RPM TBC Iisdpoyx Hv Aefx Apqod Spindle Taper 50 Spindle drive motor HP TBC Power feeds Horizontal and Vertical 6 – 500 mm/min Rapid power traverse to all motions 2,000mm/min Complete With: Heidenhain CNC Control Manual Indexing Head Machine Data: Machine weight 20,000kg

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2015, Maximum cutting diameter 640mm, maximum cutting length 1100mm, bar capacity 80mm, B axis -120/+105 degrees, C axis 0.001 degrees, Iodpott Nrtsfx Apqeid Spindle power 18.5Kw, spindle speed 3,500 rpm, milling power 15Kw, milling speed 12,000 rpm, sub spindle speed 3,500 rpm, 40 station ATC, Y axis travel -/+ 125mm, Fanuc 31i control, magazine barfeed, swarf conveyor, parts catcher.

Condition: new, Centauro ALFA NC Machining Centre For Joinery Components & Doors A versatile and flexible NC controlled machining centre suitable for a variety of machining operations including hinge recessing, lock slots, handle holes, key slots and euro grooves etc. Programming is extremely simple thanks to the colour graphic touch screen controller using pre-installed electronic macros. As standard the machine can be equipped with one milling head that automatically moves for either vertical or horizontal machining. It also has interpolation of the axis. Optional additional machining operations include producing a square corner hinge plate recess or lock face recess by means of the additional milling unit. The operator simply selects in the program if they want a radius or square corner and the machine does the rest. In addition the same milling head can be used to make the small pilot hole for hinge screws etc. There is also the possibility to produce a square end tenon, round end tenon or dovetail / dovetail slot when the special front table is fitted. Lastly on request the machine can be configured to import ISO files from external design software (e.g ARTCAM Express) to enable detailed engraving of items such as name plates etc. Axis capacity - X 2800mm, Y 180mm, Z 150mm. Ijdpsb Tmngsfx Apqjid (2400mm X capacity when optional drilling head fitted). 1 x ER32 collet for milling cutter 16mm max. dia. Max working table dimensions - 3000x618mm X axis positioning speed 35m/min. Y axis / Z axis positioning speed 6m/min. Retractable pneumatic positioning stops 2 off - on front of table Adjustable pneumatic workpiece clamps x 3 - mounted on rear of table. Left hand side ref. stop. Front table extension supports x 2 Router motor power 3.3kw. Router motor RPM 0-18,000 rpm. Touch screen controller - Elco Power 1000. Dust extraction outlet x 1 80mm dia, 2 x 100mm dia CE side and rear safety guards with front light curtain.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1988, functionality: fully functional, spindle speed (max.): 4,200 rpm, spindle speed (min.): 60 rpm, table width: 228 mm, table length: 1,066 mm, input voltage: 400 V, Bridgeport 2HP Milling Machine Spindle speeds 60-4200rpm 42" x 9" Table 2 axis DRO Coolant pump & system Iiodpfxozl Tm Ee Apqod Work light Spindle taper R8

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, An immaculate ex University research facility machine that is hardly been used. Photographed as it it arrived and not yet cleaned! 2018 built HAAS Mini Mill... Machine Control: Haas CNC Table Size: 36" x 12" Machine Travels (X/Y/Z) : 16" x 12" x 10" (406 x 305 x 254 mm) Iiedpswzyd Eofx Apqjd Spindle To Table Distance : 4" - 14" (100 - 346mm) Table Capacity : 500 Lbs.(1200 Kgs) Spindle Speeds : 6,000 Max RPM Rapid Traverse Rate (X/Y/Z) : 600 IPM (15M/Min) Maximum Cutting Feed Rate : 500 IPM (13 M/Min) Tool Changer Style : Carousel Tool Changer Capacity : 10 Stations Tool Change Time : 4.2 Seconds Max Tool weight : 12 Lbs. Spindle Drive : 7.5 HP Equipped with: 40 Spindle Taper, 10 Station Automatic Tool Changer, Coolant system, Rigid Tapping, Tooling & Manuals Control: HAAS Spec: Travel X406 Y305 Z254 mm | 6000RPM | BT40 Accessories: 40 Spindle Taper, 10 Station Automatic Tool Changer, Coolant system, Rigid Tapping, Tooling & Manuals