Used Mazak Mazak V515/40N for sale (413)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2005, laser power: 2,500 W, travel distance X-axis: 8,750 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,270 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 375 mm, number of axes: 7, This 7-axis Mazak 3D Fabri Gear 150 was manufactured in 2005. It features an impressive X-axis travel of 8750 mm, Y-axis travel of 1270 mm, and Z-axis travel of 375 mm. The machine is equipped with a powerful 2.5 kW resonator, providing efficient cutting capabilities. If you are looking to get high-quality tube cutting capabilities, consider the Mazak 3D Fabri Gear 150 machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Axis travels: • X: 8750 mm • U: 9100 mm • V: 2315 mm • Y: 1270 mm • Z: 375 mm • Rotary axes: Nlsdpfx Akjzhvn Djcsd • A: ±345° • B: ±135°

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2021, operating hours: 8,000 h, functionality: fully functional, turning diameter: 380 mm, spindle motor power: 22,000 W, spindle speed (max.): 5,000 rpm, spindle bore: 65 mm, travel distance X-axis: 234 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 100 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 625 mm, mount diameter: 40 mm, rapid traverse X-axis: 30 m/min, rapid traverse Y-axis: 21 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 33 m/min, rotational speed (max.): 5,000 rpm, torque: 465 Nm, bar passage: 65 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 300 kg, total height: 1,857 mm, total length: 2,760 mm, chuck outer diameter: 203 mm, total width: 1,835 mm, bar diameter (max.): 65 mm, swing diameter over bed slide: 695 mm, overall weight: 5,600 kg, Equipment: chip conveyor, fume extraction, CNC lathe MAZAK Quick Turn 200MY (year of manufacture 2021) You are welcome to inspect the machine while it is powered on at our facility. If you are interested, we will send you demonstration videos of the machine. The MAZAK Quick Turn 200MY is a powerful CNC lathe for the precise and efficient machining of chucked parts in a universal application (500U). With a maximum swing diameter of approximately 695 mm and a maximum machining diameter of approximately 380 mm, the machine is particularly suitable for demanding turning operations in general mechanical engineering as well as in series and single-part production. The robust design with travels of 234 mm in the X-axis and 625 mm in the Z-axis, as well as a bar capacity of approximately 65 mm, enables the flexible accommodation of a wide variety of workpiece geometries – with a maximum payload in chucking operations of 300 kg and a maximum loading weight of 500 kg. The powerful main spindle with an 8″ chuck size and up to 5,000 rpm ensures high cutting performance and precision. The machine is equipped with a modern MAZATROL SmoothG control system, which offers intuitive operation, fast programming, and high process reliability. The 16-tool turret (VDI 40, quick-change function) enables flexible and efficient machining processes, even for complex manufacturing tasks. The tailstock (MT No. 5, 550 mm travel) provides additional secure support for long workpieces. For further process reliability and automation, the machine has an automation package (part catcher as well as interface/connection option for robots and bar feeders). An LLS coolant mist extraction system (low maintenance costs) and a chip conveyor from Mayfran also ensure optimal production conditions. With a machine weight of approximately 5,600 kg, the Quick Turn 200MY offers high stability and vibration damping, which has a positive effect on surface quality and dimensional accuracy. Overall, it is a modern and versatile CNC lathe that guarantees high precision, performance, and reliability in industrial production. On request, we offer delivery as well as commissioning of the machine in a comprehensive, worry-free package. You are in the best hands with us – professional, reliable, and with a passion for machines! Nlodpfx Aszkbfgjkcsd PS CNC Service Germany GmbH & Co. KG All information is subject to change without notice.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2002, travel distance X-axis: 1,660 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 510 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 510 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 1,000 kg, spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, number of slots in tool magazine: 30, Equipment: chip conveyor, Used Mazak machining center, type VTC-200C, year 2002, in like-new condition, 10,000 rpm with spindle cooling. X = 1660 Y = 510 Z = 510 1000 kg capacity on the table. Several high-quality vices are included. Weight: 9100 kg Nsdpfozhv Uwex Akceld BT 40 A few holders are included. Space for 30 tools in the magazine. The machine can be picked up ex-works in week 34 of 2026.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2012, operating hours: 14,597 h, travel distance X-axis: 195 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 560 mm, controller manufacturer: MAZATROL, controller model: Smart, number of slots in tool magazine: 12, number of axes: 2, Horizontal turning machine manufactured in 2012. This Mazak Quick Turn Smart 200 features a 12-position turret and is equipped with a Hainbuch chuck, enhancing its versatility. It has a bar capacity of 65 mm, making it suitable for various turning applications. If you are looking to get high-quality turning capabilities, consider the Mazak Quick Turn Smart 200 machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Supply Voltage: 3 Phase, 400 V, 50 Hz • Control Circuit Voltage: AC100 V / DC24 V • Main Breaker Interrupting Capacity: 20 kA Nodpfx Aszhbqkskcsld • Supply Voltage (Ue): 400 V, 3~ • Rated Current (Ie): 3.5 A • Frequency: 50 Hz • Weight Barfeeder: 500 kg • Breaking Capacity (Icn): 5 kA • Control: Mazatrol Smart • Turret: 12-Position • Bar Capacity: 65 mm • Hainbuch Chuck (Standard Chuck Also Included) • Optional, not included: IEMCA KID 80 Bar Feeder (2012) Technical Specification Counter Spindle No Driven Tools No

Condition: used, CNC lathe Mazak Super Quick Turn 15M Maximum turning diameter: 300 mm Swinging diameter: 531 mm Maximum turning length: 510 to 528 mm Spindle bore: 52 mm Tool turret: 12 stations Machine weight: 4200 to 5100 kg The machine can be removed from the company premises, but the buyer must arrange for loading (using a forklift). The machine was in operation until recently but must be sold due to space constraints. Nledpfsznvz Dex Akcod An invoice can be issued upon request. For further information, please send a message.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2022, laser power: 15,000 W, travel distance X-axis: 3,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,500 mm, number of axes: 3, Fiber laser cutting machine manufactured in 2022. This Mazak OPTIPLEX NEO features a powerful 15 kW fiber laser and offers an impressive working area of 3000 x 1500 mm. With approximately 2,000 cutting hours, it includes a new cutting head and beam delivery fiber, along with a CAMFIL QS4 dust extraction unit commissioned in 2024. If you are looking to get high-quality cutting capabilities, consider the Mazak OPTIPLEX NEO machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Working area: 3000 x 1500 mm • Number of Axes: 3 (X/Y/Z) • Cutting hours: Approx. 2,000 h • Laser source: NLIGHT Fiber Laser • NLIGHT laser source warranty: Valid until 01/2027 Nedszg D Uvjpfx Akceld • New cutting head • New beam delivery fiber • Maintenance: Annual preventive maintenance performed by MAZAK every year • The cutting head has recently been completely rebuilt/refurbished, and the transport fiber has also been replaced/refurbished. Additional equipment • Dust extraction unit: CAMFIL QS4 (commissioned in 2024)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2007, operating hours: 8,794 h, spindle speed (max.): 5,000 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 230 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 575 mm, overall weight: 4,380 kg, controller manufacturer: MAZATROL, controller model: Matrix NEXUS, number of axes: 2, Horizontal turning machine manufactured in 2007. This Mazak QUICK TURN NEXUS 200-II features a maximum turning diameter of Ø 350 mm and a turning length of 550 mm. It is equipped with a chuck size of 200 mm and a maximum spindle speed of 5,000 rpm. If you are looking to get high-quality turning capabilities, consider the Mazak QUICK TURN NEXUS 200-II machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Control: Mazatrol Matrix NEXUS • Chuck Size: 200 mm (8") • Maximum Turning Diameter: Ø 350 mm • Maximum Turning Length: 550 mm Nlsdpfx Ajzg Dz Askcod • Machine Weight: 4,380 kg • Tool Eye (Tool Setter): Yes • Coolant System: Currently not functional (coolant/water cannot be added) • Additional optional Accessories: Chip Conveyor, various clamping jaws included • Machine On Hours: 24,079 h • Spindle Hours: 8,794 h Technical Specification Counter Spindle Yes Driven Tools No

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, MAZAK – 5-axis machining center VARIAXIS 730/5X II (dual pallet changer) Manufacturer: Machine Type: Year of manufacture: Date of commissioning: Nsdezda Dvspfx Akceld YAMAZAKI MAZAK Variaxis 730 with dual pallet changer 12/2007 02/12/2008 FEATURES: - Drive power 30/22 kW (30 minutes/continuous operation) - Spindle speed 35-10,000 rpm - Rapid traverse rates 42 m/min - 80 tools - SK50 !!!! - Control system: MAZATROL MATRIX - Tool length measuring device 2 ACCESSORIES: - MAYFRAN chip conveyor "CONSEP 2000", discharge on the right - High-pressure coolant for the spindle, 70 bar - CNC options package, performance signal light - Preparation for monitoring system B

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, swing dia. 430 mm Distance between the spindles 1450 mm control MAZATROL 640T x-axis 310 mm z-axis 605 mm spindle tunring speed 4.000 U/min In our opinion, the machine is in good used condition and can be inspected under power by appointment. Nljdpfx Asyb S Nrekced Technical Features & Accessories: - Gantry Loader Accessories, tools, and clamping devices shown are only included in the scope of delivery if noted in the additional information. Subject to changes and errors in the technical data and information, as well as subject to prior sale!

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2006, For sale: A reliable vertical CNC machining center Yamazaki Mazak Nexus VCN-510C – a high-end production machine from the renowned Japanese manufacturer MAZAK, known for its precision, durability, and stable operation in industrial manufacturing environments. The VCN-510C is ideally suited for machining steel, aluminum, and workpieces requiring high accuracy and repeatability. Thanks to the MAZATROL 640M control, the machine offers intuitive operation and rapid production setup. Nsdpfx Akjyha Ivocsld Technical specifications: Year of manufacture: 2006 Control: MAZATROL 640M X-axis travel: 1,050 mm Y-axis travel: 510 mm Z-axis travel: 510 mm T-slot table Automatic tool changer (ATC) Central lubrication Electrical cabinet Weight: 7,100 kg Low operating hours

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2004, MAZAK QUICK TURN NEXUS 200MS-Y Nlsdsw Du S Aspfx Akcod Max. machining diameter: 380 mm Max. machining length: 511 mm Max. milling speed: 4,500 rpm Max. spindle speed: 5,000 rpm Max. bar diameter: 65 mm Machine is equipped with: - CNC control Mazatrol 640T Nexus - KITAGAWA three-jaw chuck BB-208 for main spindle, diameter 210 mm - KITAGAWA three-jaw chuck B-206 for 2nd spindle, diameter 169 mm - Tool Eye - C-axis - Y-axis - Interface for bar feeder - Automatic parts catcher - Reinforced coolant pump - Chip conveyor - 8 fixed tool holders - 2 driven tool holders

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2009, functionality: fully functional, MAZAK QUICK TURN NEXUS 100-II MSY Max. machining diameter: 280 mm Max. machining length: 400 mm Max. milling speed: 4,500 rpm Max. spindle speed: 6,000 rpm Max. bar diameter: 42 mm Machine is equipped with: - CNC control: Mazatrol Matrix - KITAGAWA 3-jaw chuck B-206 for main spindle - KITAGAWA 3-jaw chuck B-205 for 2nd spindle - Tool Eye - C-axis - Y-axis - Interface for bar loader magazine - Automatic parts catcher - Reinforced coolant pump - 8 units of fixed tool holders Njdjy S A Rijpfx Akcold - 2 units of powered tool holders

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, MAZAK QUICK TURN 250MY Max. turning diameter: 380 mm Max. milling speed: 5,000 rpm Max. spindle speed: 4,000 rpm Max. bar capacity: 80 mm Machine is equipped with: Nsdpfxjyki Tae Akcold - Mazatrol SmoothG CNC control - KITAGAWA three-jaw chuck BB-210, diameter 254 mm - Tool Eye - C-axis - Y-axis - automatic parts catcher - interface for bar feeder - signal light (3-color LED) - reinforced coolant pump - chip conveyor - standard MAZAK tool package

Condition: ready for operation (used), Mazak tool changer for Mazak machine H 400, used, with normal signs of wear, 100% functional, scope of delivery as shown in the photos. Nlodpfx Aoi Eb Drokcsd

Condition: ready for operation (used), Mazak tool changer for Mazak machine H 400, used, shows normal signs of wear, 100% functional, scope of delivery as shown in the photos. Nlsdpfx Aksi Eb Dnscsd

Condition: ready for operation (used), Mazak Mazatrol Cam M-2 Control Panel YM2B BN110B367, used, shows significant signs of wear, 100% functional, scope of supply as shown in the photos. Njdsi Eb Dkopfx Akceld

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2009, operating hours: 34,000 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 3,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 800 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 720 mm, rapid traverse X-axis: 50 m/min, rapid traverse Y-axis: 50 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 50 m/min, rotational speed (max.): 18,000 rpm, Equipment: chip conveyor, documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, Mazak VTC 800/30SR CNC Machining Center (2009) Manufacturer: Mazak Type: VTC 800/30SR CNC Machining Center Year of manufacture: 2009 Condition: used, good, in production and operational Operating hours: 34,000 h Simultaneously controlled axes: 5 Travel in X-axis: 3,000 mm Travel in Y-axis: 800 mm Travel in Z-axis: 720 mm Feed rate X, Y, Z: 50,000 mm/min Rapid traverse rate X, Y, Z: 50,000 mm/min Minimum distance spindle / table: 140 mm Nsdpfx Akezgxg Tecjld Maximum distance spindle / table: 860 mm Table length: 3,500 mm Table width: 820 mm Max. table load: 2,500 kg Swivel range B-axis: +110° / -110° Work table area: Ø 500 mm C-axis: Table rotation 360° Spindle mount: CAT No. 40 Max. spindle speed: 18,000 rpm Spindle power: 35 kW Tool magazine: 48 positions Max. tool length: 350 mm Max. tool weight: 8 kg Max. tool diameter: 80 - 130 mm Machine dimensions: 5,250 x 4,300 x 3,419 mm Weight: 16,800 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2003, MAZAK NEXUS VCN 410A Year 2003 Nedpfxezpynks Akcjld Travel in the X-axis: 560 mm Travel in the Y-axis: 410 mm Travel in the Z-axis: 508 mm Table length: 900 mm, Table width: 410 mm Tool magazine: 30 Spindle taper: CAT 40 Max. spindle speed: 12000 rpm Spindle motor power: 11 kW Documentation included Coolant tank with pumps

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2020, operating hours: 11,706 h, machine/vehicle number: 295269, control type: CNC control, degree of automation: automatic, actuation type: hydraulic, controller manufacturer: Mazak, controller model: FX30I-L5, laser type: CO₂ laser, pipe length (max.): 15,000 mm, - Auction Machine - For sale: a MAZAK laser cutting machine, model 3D FABRI GEAR 400 III - 4.0kW laser, serial number 295269, year of manufacture 02/2020, weight 38,900 kg, with MAZAK FX30I-L5 control, operating hours approx. 11,706, with 15 m loading and 15 m unloading area; special accessories: 8.5" cutting head without lens (M5) with non-contact height sensing, touch sensor, chain conveyor, detachable impulse handwheel, MtConnect adapter, Mazak FG CADCAM programming software, and more. Would you like to inspect it? The tube laser can be inspected at our location in DE-84339 Unterdietfurt. Interested? Further information and documents are available upon request. Nlsdpfszm R H Sex Akcjd

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2024, MAZAK QUICK TURN 200 MSY Max. machining diameter: 380 mm Max. machining length: 575 mm Max. milling speed: 5,000 rpm Max. spindle speed: 5,000 rpm Max. bar diameter: 65 mm Machine is equipped with: - CNC control: Mazatrol SmoothG -Hydr. KITAGAWA 3-jaw chuck BB-208 for main spindle, diameter 210 mm -Hydr. KITAGAWA 3-jaw chuck B-206 for 2nd spindle, diameter 169 mm - Tool Eye Nedpszgw Icsfx Akcold - C-axis - C-axis counter-spindle, input accuracy 0.0001° - Y-axis - Interface for bar feeder - Autom. parts catcher - Robot interface - Reinforced coolant pump - MAYFRAN chip conveyor - 8 pcs. fixed tool holders - 2 pcs. driven tool holders

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2005, operating hours: 60,683 h, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 1,524 mm, turning diameter: 820 mm, spindle speed (max.): 3,300 rpm, rapid traverse X-axis: 40 m/min, milling spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, The following work was carried out on the machine: Repair/overhaul of the gearbox of the B-axis (2025) Complete maintenance (2025) Motor magazine renewed (2025) Replacement of the linear guides of the X and Y axes (2024) Renewal of the ball screws of the X and Y axes (2024) Repair of the milling spindle (2024) Including approximately 120 tools, SK 50 TECHNICAL DETAILS Turning length: 1,524 mm Turning diameter: 820 mm Travel range, X-axis: 870 mm Travel range, Y-axis: 500 mm Travel range, Z-axis: 1,598 mm Main spindle Spindle speed (max.): 3,300 rpm Drive power of main spindle: 30 kW / 22 kW Max. torque of main spindle: 588 Nm Spindle nose of main spindle: A2-11" Spindle bore: 104 mm Indexing: 0.0001 Counter spindle Spindle speed (max.): 3,300 rpm Drive power of counter spindle: 30 kW / 22 kW Max. torque of counter spindle: 588 Nm Spindle nose of counter spindle: A2-11" Indexing: 0.0001 Milling spindle Drive power of milling spindle: 37 kW Max. torque of milling spindle: 260 Nm Nsdezcwylepfx Akcsld Milling spindle speed range: 0-10,000 rpm Rapid traverse, X-axis: 40 m/min Rapid traverse, Y-axis: 40 m/min Rapid traverse, Z-axis: 40 m/min MACHINE DETAILS Control system: Mazatrol 640M PRO Tool holder: SK50 Number of tool positions: 120 Operating voltage: 400 V / 50 Hz Connected load: 104 kVA Required installation area (L x W): 7 x 3.5 m Operating hours: 60,683 h EQUIPMENT Approx. 120 tools, SK 50 Variable speed adjustment Tool magazine, 120 positions High-pressure coolant, 70 bar Renishaw probe (new in 2025) Laser measuring system for rotating tools Interface set Air/water cooling through the spindle Overload monitoring system Chip conveyor, Mayfran Consep 2000 Quick-change tool holder, SMW

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2018, laser power: 4,000 W, travel distance X-axis: 3,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,500 mm, number of axes: 2, This Mazak Optiplex Nexus 3015 4,0kW Fiber + Fasani CSS3015 was manufactured in 2018. A fiber laser cutting machine featuring a 3000x1500mm max. sheet size, 4.0kW IPG fiber resonator, intelligent nozzle changer, and Donaldson DFPRO4 extraction. Includes Fasani CSS 1530 automation and a pallet changer. A great opportunity to buy this Mazak Optiplex Nexus 3015 fiber laser cutting machine. Contact us for more information. Additional equipment • Intelligent nozzle changer • Intelligent monitoring and focus detection • Smart software • Donaldson DFPRO4 extraction • Pallet changer • Open robot interface • Fasani CSS 1530 automation Extra Information Machine still under power Nsdszdd Rmspfx Akcold

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1998, operating hours: 68,000 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 1,660 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 510 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 510 mm, rapid traverse X-axis: 20 m/min, rapid traverse Y-axis: 20 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 20 m/min, feed rate X-axis: 5,000 m/min, feed rate Y-axis: 5,000 m/min, feed rate Z-axis: 5,000 m/min, controller manufacturer: Mazatrol M Plus, table width: 510 mm, table length: 2,000 mm, overall weight: 7,320 kg, spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, operating hours of spindle: 36,000 h, number of spindles: 1, number of slots in tool magazine: 48, input voltage: 400 V, Equipment: chip conveyor, rotational speed infinitely variable, We are offering this used Mazak VTC-20C vertical machining center, manufactured in 1998. Manufacturer: Mazak Model: VTC-20C Year of manufacture: 1998 Condition: ready for use Category ID: 1452 Type ID: 4156 Machine type: vertical machining center Control: Mazatrol M Plus Operating hours: approx. 68,000 Spindle hours: approx. 36,000 Work table Table size: 2000 x 510 mm T-slots: 5 pieces Distance between T-slots: 100 mm Nlodpfx Akozkkliscod Slot width: 18 mm Travel distances X-axis: 1660 mm (with partition 2 x 560) Y-axis: 510 mm Z-axis: 510 mm Rapid traverse rate Rapid traverse: X/Y/Z-axis: 20 m/min X/Y/Z-axis 1 - 5,000 mm/min Tool magazine Tool holder: SK 40 Tool positions: 2 x 24 Spindle speed: 10,000 rpm Accessories: Partition; Renishaw probe; chip conveyor !!! Optionally with 2 Röhm vices If you have any questions or need more information, please feel free to send us a message or call us.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2008, travel distance X-axis: 630 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 765 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 510 mm, CNC control Mazatrol Matrix 2-fold pallet changing device NC-swivel rotary table 80-fold tool changer high pressure coolant through the spindle 20bar chip conveyor Technische Daten / technical details: Verfahrweg X / X-Travel 630 mm Verfahrweg Y / Y-Travel 765 mm Verfahrweg Z / Z-Travel 510 mm Schwenkbereich A-Achse / swivel range A-axis -120 - +30 ° Drehbereich C-Achse / rotary range C-axis 360 ° Tischgröße / table size 500x500 mm Werkzeugschaft / spindle taper SK40 Drehzahl / spindle speed 35-12000 UpM /rpm Eilgang / rapid feed 50 m/min Anzahl der Werkzeugplätze / tool places in ATC 80 fach / fold Nlsdpfetp Hgzjx Akcjd Antriebsleistung Hauptantrieb / drive capacity main drive 26 kW Gewicht der Maschine ca. / weight 17000 Kg Technische Daten, Zubehör und Beschreibung der Maschine sind unverbindlich - Technical data, accessories and description of the machine are not binding.

Year of construction: 2012, condition: good (used), Mazatrol Smart CNC control 3-jaw chuck C-axis driven tools 12-fold revolver Tool Eye tail stock coolant device chip conveyor Technische Daten / technical details: max. Umlaufdurchmesser / max. swing diameter 660 mm max. Drehdurchmesser/ max. turning diameter 350 mm max. Drehlänge / max. turning length 532 mm Planweg (x) / cross way (x) 225 mm Längsweg (z) / longitudinal way (z) 560 mm Drehzahlbereich / spindle speed 5000 UpM /rpm Drehzahl angetriebene Werkzeuge / speed of driven tools 4500 UpM / rpm Nljdpfeiyx Diex Akcsd Werkzeugrevolver / turret head 12 fach /holes Eilgang X/Z / rapid feed X/Z 30/33 m/min Antriebsleistung Spindel / drive capacity spindle 15 kW Gewicht der Maschine ca. / weight 4500 kg Technische Daten, Zubehör und Beschreibung der Maschine sind unverbindlich - Technical data, accessories and description of the machine are not binding.