Used Emag Vsc 250 Ds for sale (12,741)

Condition: good (used), Scope of delivery includes: 01x CS profile, used Material color: Sendzimir galvanized Total length: 5,550 mm Profile dimensions: CS 250 x 50 x 40 mm Weight per piece: approx. 45.00 kg Material thickness: approx. 2.5 mm Your contacts at our company: Mr. Andre Evering Mr. Mario Klöver Mr. Falk Deutsch General information about the item: Hedpjx R Ambefx Abgsp This item is offered for collection only. Should you require transport or shipping, additional costs will apply. These can be quoted separately depending on the delivery location and scope of supply.

Condition: good (used), The scope of delivery includes: Hjdpfx Aji Dtcnebgjp 1x Shelf connector, used Material color: Sendzimir galvanized L-profile dimensions: (see below) 298 x 81 mm (4 round holes, Ø 9 mm) 250 x 30 mm (one oblong hole) Center-to-center distance of round holes: 278 | 50 mm Shelf spacing: approx. 250 mm Weight: approx. 0.600 kg / piece 4x Hex head screws, M8 x 20 8.8. 4x Hex nuts, M8 4x Washers, M8 General information about the item: This item is offered for pick-up only. Any additional transport or shipping of this item will incur extra costs, which can be requested separately depending on the delivery location and scope of delivery.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2014, 2 Vertical Turning Machines (Tandem) Manufacturer: EMAG Model: VL 3 Year: 2014 Control: Fanuc 31/32i TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE VL3 MACHINE (Subject to errors and omissions) WORKING AREA Chuck diameter: 170 mm Swing diameter: 210 mm X-travel: 400 mm Z-travel: 200 mm Loading time (depending on clamping device): 2–4 sec MAIN SPINDLE Spindle flange to DIN 55026, size 5 Spindle bearing diameter (front): 80 mm Maximum spindle speed: 7,500 rpm MAIN DRIVE AC asynchronous motor Power at 40/100% duty cycle: 25/16 kW Full power from spindle speed (100% ED): 1,800 rpm Torque at 40/100% duty cycle: 134/85 Nm Hjdjytn Emepfx Abgjp FEED DRIVE Rapid traverse speed, X axis: 60 m/min Rapid traverse speed, Z axis: 30 m/min Feed force (X and Z): 5 kN Ball screw diameter (X/Z): 40 mm TURRET Cylinder shank mount DIN 69880, 12 positions Shank diameter: 40 mm ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT according to VDE 0113 Operating voltage: 400 V Control voltage – DC: 24 V; AC: 230 V Frequency: 50 Hz Connected load without/with live tool: 28 / 31 kW Supply line protection: 50 A DIMENSIONS & WEIGHT Length: 2,500 mm Length incl. chip conveyor: 3,600 mm Width: 1,900 mm Height: 2,300 mm Weight: approx. 5,500 kg Linear roller guides in the X-axis located outside the machining area. GANTRY SLIDE INCLUDING SLIDE GUIDE Motor spindle mounting AC synchronous drives for X and Z axes Encapsulated linear measuring systems Resolution all longitudinal axes: 0.001 mm (absolute measurement) Rapid traverse: X axis 60 m/min, Z axis 30 m/min 1 MOTOR SPINDLE size 5 DIN 55026 Max. speed: 7,500 rpm Power at 40/100% duty cycle: 25/16 kW Torque at 40/100% duty cycle: 134/85 Nm HYDRAULIC UNIT with gear pump. CENTRALIZED OIL SUPPLY for lubrication of ball screws and roller guides COOLING UNIT Controls the machine’s thermal balance. Keeps motor spindle, turret, and control cabinet at ambient temperature. TOOL CARRIER SYSTEM 1 12-STATION TURRET with mounting holes Ø40 DIN 69880 Shortest indexing time via electric motor drive Cooled for consistent accuracy Internal coolant supply to tool in cut position WORKPIECE STORAGE & TRANSPORT SYSTEM 1 CIRCULATING WORKPIECE FEEDER Storage capacity: 27 workpieces (Ø 30–85 mm), or 18 workpieces (Ø 30–130 mm), Max. workpiece height: 100 mm Loading height: 1020 mm Chain-type accumulating conveyor with transport prisms Workpieces are NC-positioned for clamping device take-over. The pick-up spindle retrieves blanks from the conversion-free storage and conveyor system. COOLANT AND CHIP REMOVAL SYSTEM 1 COOLANT SUPPLY with integrated coolant tank, capacity approx. 300 l, coolant filter Coolant pump delivery rate: approx. 80 l/min at 7 bar 1 CHIP CONVEYOR Discharge height: 1,250 mm, hinge belt design 1 EMULSION MIST EXTRACTION from the machining area ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT AND EXPANSIONS WORKPIECE STORAGE & TRANSPORT SYSTEM 1 INTERFACE FOR EMAG TRANSFER AND FLIP UNIT OP20 COOLANT AND CHIP REMOVAL SYSTEM 1 FLUSHING NOZZLES: 2x in working area, 1x in machine base HYDRAULICS & PNEUMATICS 1 MAINTENANCE UNIT FOR COMPRESSED AIR with mounting 1 PICK-UP DEVICE BLOW-OFF (2 nozzles, WITHOUT maintenance unit – see maintenance unit compressed air)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2020, operating hours: 6,875 h, machine/vehicle number: IntNr231185, EMAG WEISS W11 CNC SL650 – Universal cylindrical grinding machine – Year of manufacture: 2020 A used EMAG WEISS W11 CNC SL650 is available for sale – a high-performance universal cylindrical grinding machine with CNC control. The machine is ideally suited for demanding grinding tasks on individual parts, prototypes, and small to medium production runs. Machine specifications Manufacturer: EMAG WEISS Type: W11-CNC SL650 Year of manufacture: 2020 Operating hours: approx. 6,850 spindle hours / approx. 20,422 operating hours Condition: Used, well-maintained, ready for immediate use Technical data Control: CNC-controlled (e.g., Heidenhain / Siemens / Fanuc – depending on the configuration) Max. grinding length: 650 mm (between centers) Center height: approx. 200 mm External grinding diameter: up to approx. 390 mm Max. workpiece weight (overhang): approx. 100 kg (MK4) Max. workpiece weight between centers: approx. 250 kg X-axis travel: approx. 380 mm Z-axis travel: approx. 1,150 mm Grinding wheel diameter: 400 – 500 mm, depending on configuration Rated power: 9 – 11 kW (approx. 12 – 15 hp) Peripheral speed: 20 – 50 m/s Features and performance characteristics CNC touchscreen operation with a Windows-based interface – user-friendly programming via dialogue or DIN/ISO (optional) Two-in-one concept: the machine can be operated both conventionally and with CNC control High-precision linear and ball screw guides for high accuracy Direct measuring system (glass scales) (optional on many machines) Automatic grinding wheel truing with compensation Crash control & gap monitoring for machine and process safety Hodpfjzcfgmex Abgop Coolant system, emulsion separator, and chip conveyor available (depending on configuration) Preparation for automation / robot interface is possible The machine can be inspected in operation by appointment. Subject to changes, errors and prior sale!

Condition: excellent (used), Staircase clamp (28366) Clamping height 200 - 250 mm Hjdpfx Abjln Ulaegjp T-slot width 12 mm Clamping screw M 10 4 pieces available Weight 8.5 kg

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2008, spindle speed (max.): 6,000 rpm, overall weight: 6,500 kg, Fanuc 18ITB parts diameter 130 mm, length 110 mm spindle speed 7500 rpm 12-station turret max tool speed 6000 rpm power 24 kW, chip conveyor Hedox Irzvopfx Abgjp

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7212 TECHNICAL DATA - Track width: 250mm - Shaft width: 400mm - Shaft diameter: 80mm - Maximum blade diameter: 400mm - Blade bore diameter: 80mm - Maximum cutting height: 140mm - Table width with clearance: 730mm - Table length: 2130mm From the top: - Pawls - Pressure shaft, slip type - Pawls - Pressure shaft, smooth - Saw shaft - Smooth pressure shaft, 4 pcs From the bottom: - Smooth slip shaft - Pawls - Track Infeed table + guide rail: - Roller width: 460mm - Feeder dimensions (L/W): 1660x630mm - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2010x630x900mm Outfeed table: - Feed rollers: 8 pcs - Roller width: 800mm Hedpfx Abjy Tiuqogsp - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 4400x980x880mm - Centralized lubrication - Electric body raising/lowering: 0.55kW - Electric adjustment of saw shaft: 0.55kW - Stepless feed speed adjustment: 1–39m/min - Feed motor: 1.1kW - Main motor: 30kW - Extraction port diameter: 210mm - Overall dimensions of multirip saw (L/W/H): 2520x1870x2000mm + control panel - Total weight: approx. 2500kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – High cutting height – Infeed and outfeed tables – Used multirip saw, very good condition Net price: 89,900 PLN Net price: 21,400 EUR Net price calculated at the exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (Price may change in case of significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: used, mileage: 197,411 km, power: 184 kW (250.17 HP), first registration: 06/2012, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 9,180 kg, maximum load weight: 5,820 kg, overall weight: 15,000 kg, axle configuration: 4x2, wheelbase: 5,900 mm, brakes: engine braking, color: yellow, driver cabin: day cab, gearing type: other, emission class: euro5, number of seats: 2, loading space length: 6,500 mm, loading space width: 2,450 mm, loading space height: 2,200 mm, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, cabin, central locking, cruise control, immobilizer system, tail-lift, * German vehicle * 1st hand * Original only 197,411 kilometers * See photos for condition * Special vehicle for pollutant collection * Body manufacturer Dünnschede * Foldable box wall * MBB tail lift * max. load capacity 1500 kg * Special stainless steel shelving system * Stainless steel floor pan * Special restraint system for shelf/ container * Interior lighting * Emergency shower * Hand wash basin * Case heating * Acceptance door on the right with staircase * Interior dimensions length 6,500 mm x 2,450 mm x 2,200 mm height * Leaf/air suspension + raise/lower * Cab with 2 air-sprung comfort seats * Seat heating * Air conditioning * Differential lock * Engine brake Hsdpovhqarjfx Abgep * Cruise control * Electric windows * heated electric mirrors * Reversing camera * Turn assist with camera and screen * Spare wheel holder * Storage box * Wheelbase 5.90m * 15,000 kg gross vehicle weight * Unladen weight 9,180 kg * Payload 5,820 kg If new TÜV approval is required, we will be happy to provide you with a quote from our partner workshops. Our offer is generally WITHOUT new TÜV approval, without new DGUV, without new SP, without new UVV. You can find more trucks on our homepage at We speak the following languages: German, English, Polish, Turkish Note: We offer and strongly recommend a viewing and inspection of the goods to ensure that the buyer has no misconceptions about the condition and suitability of the goods. Inspections and tests are possible at any time by appointment and are expressly desired. All information is without guarantee. No liability is accepted for errors and incorrect information in the offer. The buyer is obliged to independently check the condition and equipment of the goods/vehicles. Subject to alterations, prior sale and errors excepted. - .

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number 7308 TECHNICAL DATA - Track width: 250 mm - Roller width: 350 mm - Roller diameter: 80 mm - Max. saw blade diameter: 400 mm - Saw blade bore diameter: 80 mm - Max. cutting height: 150 mm - Table width with clearance: 700 mm - Table length: 1790 mm Top, in order: - Pawls - Pressure roller, slip type - Pawls - Pressure roller, smooth type - Roller with saws - Smooth pressure roller, 2 pcs Bottom: - Guide strip - Smooth slip roller - Pawls - Track Infeed table: - Roller width: 500 mm - Number of rollers: 3 pcs - Total dimension of infeed table (L/W/H): 580x530x900 mm Outfeed table: - Roller width: 500 mm - Number of rollers: 6 pcs - Total dimension of outfeed table (L/W/H): 1210x535x900 mm Hsdpjy S Ahbsfx Abgop - Centralized lubrication - Stepless feed speed adjustment - Main motor: 37 kW - Extraction nozzle diameter: 140 mm - Overall dimension of the multi-blade saw (L/W/H): 2000x1450x2000 mm - Total weight approx. 3000 kg ADVANTAGES – German manufacturing – High cutting height – Infeed and outfeed tables – Used multi-blade saw, in very good condition Net price: 46,900 PLN Net price: 11,160 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (The price may change in case of significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), I will sell a 250kg crane + Demag winch. In very good condition. - Total length 185cm/ working 140cm. - Height 278cm. Hsdpfx Aewdraqebgjp

Condition: used, TECHNICAL DETAILS - Number of axes : 2 Hodoxc N I Tepfx Abgjp - Number of turrets : 1 - Max. turning diameter : 220 [mm] - Maximum workpiece height : 175 [mm] - X/Z stroke : 660/300 [mm] MAIN SPINDLE - Spindle speeds : 4500 [rpm] - Spindle power : 27 [kW] - C axis indexing precision : 0.001 [°] TURRET - Tool type : VDI40 - Number of positions : 12 POWER SUPPLY - Supply voltage : 400 [V] - Total installed power : 36 [kW] WEIGHT & DIMENSIONS - Machine floor space : 3120/2266 [mm] - Machine height : 3200 [mm] - Machine weight : 7000 [kg] MACHINE HOURS - Number of hours under power : 74809 [h] - Number of spindle hours : 30521 [h] EQUIPMENT - CNC : Fanuc 32i-A - Interface : Ethernet / RS232 / USB / PCMCIA - Coolant tank - Chips conveyor - Parts conveying strip - Chuck 3 jaws

Condition: excellent (used), Professional industrial pad printing machine from the renowned Swiss company Teca-Print AG. The device is designed for printing on components made of plastic, metal, wood, and other technical parts. Robust industrial construction, ideal for series production, technical marking, advertising prints, logos, and product marking. The machine is in good visual and technical condition. Technical Data: Manufacturer: Teca-Print AG Model: TPU 250 Type: pad printing machine Power supply: 220 V Frequency: 50 Hz Hsdpfx Aey St Skebgsp Pneumatic control Foot-operated pedal Adjustable worktable Heavy-duty industrial build Manufactured in: Switzerland Serial No.: 9708305 Applications: - printing on plastics - marking metal components - technical prints - logos and advertising - series production - marking industrial parts Includes: - Teca-Print TPU 250 machine - documentation / manuals - accessories as shown in the photos

Condition: new, For sale: Professional industrial pump from the renowned manufacturer KSB. The pump is in new condition (ex-stock/warehouse storage) – unused, with possible storage marks visible in the photos. ⚠️ Sale concerns the pump only – electric motor not included. ⚙️ TECHNICAL DATA Manufacturer: KSB Model: ETACHROM BC 80-250 / 1104 Year of manufacture: 2000 Capacity: up to approx. 160 m³/h Head: approx. H-14 Type: centrifugal pump Construction: single-stage Connections: flanged Design: industrial, heavy-duty Hedpfx Abjywcq Tegop 🔧 APPLICATIONS Water installations Industry Process systems Cooling Liquid circuits ✅ CONDITION New – stock item Unused Fully operational construction No motor included 📦 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ➡️ Option to purchase an electric motor ➡️ Matching motor available – additional cost: €700

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1998, CNC Vertical lathe DS Dorries Scharmann - VCE 2000 FMC MACH-ID 9088 Make: DS Dorries Scharmann Hsdpfx Aowb Ayijbgep Type: VCE 2000 FMC Control: SIEMENS 840C Year: 1998

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, Beading machine DS-Lifting - H-9000 Hodewrywgepfx Abgep

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 17069, Year of construction: 2013, operating hours: 4,504 h, load capacity: 2,165 kg, free lift: 1,630 mm, load center: 600 mm, construction height: 2,750 mm, fork length: 1,095 mm, front tire size: 16x7-10, rear tire size: 23x10-12, overall weight: 6,200 kg, enginetype: Diesel, manufacturer: Combilift Hodpfx Abjzfd A Regjp

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number: 7545 TECHNICAL DATA Track width: 250mm Shaft width: 220mm Max blade diameter: 300mm Blade bore diameter: 60mm Cutting height: 100mm Table width: 650mm Table length: 1460mm – Top: 2 rows of pawls Smooth feed roller Blade shaft Smooth feed roller – Bottom: Guide rail Pawls Track 2 feed speed settings + stepless adjustment Central lubrication Feed motor: 1.2kW Main motor: 21kW Extraction outlet diameter: 180mm Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 1700x1450x1500mm Weight: approx. 1800kg – Made in Italy Hodpfx Aezcmqajbgop – DTR technical documentation – Robust machine – Used multi-blade saw, in very good condition Net price: 25,900 PLN Net price: 6,160 EUR depending on exchange rate 4.2 EUR (Prices may vary with significant fluctuations)

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2022, Schwamborn Concrete Processing Machine DSM 250S 230 V DSM 250S — Year of manufacture 2022 Used, from the professional rental fleet of Kurt König Baumaschinen GmbH, Einbeck, Germany. Condition & Notes: - Condition: Used, ex-rental, regularly serviced - Functionality: Fully operational - Product photos to follow — please contact us for current images Hodpfsy A E Ifjx Abgsp - On-site inspection in 37574 Einbeck available by appointment Price EUR 4,700 plus VAT | EXW Einbeck | Delivery upon request

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number: 7548 TECHNICAL DATA Track width: 250 mm Shaft width: 250 mm Max saw blade diameter: 350 mm Saw blade bore diameter: 80 mm Max cutting height: 120 mm Hsdpfx Abszccgkjgep Table width with gap: 700 mm Table length: 1790 mm *From above: Ratcheting pawls Pressure roller, smooth Ratcheting pawls Pressure roller, smooth Shaft with sawblades Smooth pressure rollers: 2 pcs From below: Guide Smooth sliding roller Ratcheting pawls Track Central lubrication Feed motor: 1.1 kW Main motor: 30 kW Electric body lifting Manual saw shaft lifting Extraction nozzle diameter: 160 mm Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2250x1700x2000 mm Weight approx.: 3000 kg – German-made – Electric lifting of body and saw shaft – Smooth feed speed adjustment – Used multi-blade saw, in very good condition Net price: PLN 68,900 Net price: EUR 16,400 at the rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices may change with significant fluctuations)

Condition: used, Technical details: weight of the machine approx.: 5000 kg transport dimensions LxWxH: 1,4 x 1,8 x 2,2 m VERTICAL MULTIFUNCTIONAL HEADSTOCK UNIT FOR VLC 800 MT TURNING MILLING (see last photo for comparison) The headstock unit of the EMAG machines of the VLC series is characterised by short strokes, high rapid traverse rates, extreme rigidity and an integrated cooling system. Maintenance-free, frequency-controlled three-phase motors serve as feed drives for the X and Z axes. Max. chuck speed = 800 rpm. Motor: MBS382F Feed drive: 500 stroke (Z-axis) Stroke limitation 500mm Hydraulic cylinder Weight compensation Hedpfx Absu Nlhksgjp Spindle flange according to DIN 55 026 size Z 380 *

Year of construction: 2024, condition: new, YOU BUY DIRECTLY FROM THE MANUFACTURER Everything can be configured according to your wishes, with very short production and delivery times. Upon request, we will be happy to provide you with further information. Technical data available upon request. Standard equipment Y1, Y2, X, R - 4 axes Control unit - CNC DT 15 Servo motor for back gauge & linear ball screw system (X-R) CNC crowning European-style tool clamping system Adjustable support arms (with T-slot and stopper) Specially designed hydraulic block and valves according to worldwide standards Electrical equipment according to worldwide standards Optional equipment CE Manuel F. AKAS II M FPSC-B-C + safety guards with switches CE F. AKAS-LC II AKAS-3 M Motorized + FPSC (safety PLC) CE BLVT safety – only for tandem machines Z1, Z2 axes X1, X2 axes R1, R2 axes Delta X axis, +/- 250mm stroke or +/- 125mm CNC controlled X axis = 1000 mm – rear guard with light curtain AP3-AP4 bending aid Height-adjustable laser angle measuring system Quick clamping system Hydraulic and pneumatic tool clamping systems Upper and lower tools Lower tool positioning system Parking area Central lubrication system Oil cooler Additional back gauge finger and additional adjustable support arms Special packaging for overseas transport _____ With over 60 years of experience in the research and production of machines for sheet metal processing, producing 8,000 machines annually in three technologically advanced production facilities on a total area of 150,000 m², the Durmazlar Group and its DURMA machines are now among the internationally renowned manufacturers in their industry, with products distributed in 120 countries. With its branch in Staufenberg near Gießen, Durma Maschinen GmbH is now an important part of the Central Hesse region. Here, we are your direct contact within the Durmazlar Group, providing you with competent advice and support when it comes to sheet metal processing machines. Our demonstration center gives you the opportunity to gain an overview of our machines on site, to be convinced up close by the quality and precise technology of our products, and to receive the best possible advice tailored to your company's goals. Our mission is to be your direct point of contact on site and to offer you services relating to training and customer support. Hedpjfirwmjfx Abgsp We would be happy to support you from Germany – from consulting, through purchase, and throughout the entire life cycle of your machine. With our German branch, we are always on site to provide quick and efficient support. Here, we are your reliable partner for technologically advanced solutions when it comes to sheet metal processing.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2017, operating hours: 5,100 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 110366, Number of axes: 5 + V Maximum turning diameter: Ø160 mm Maximum turning height: 150 mm Maximum diameter of workpiece: Ø100 mm Maximum height of workpiece: 150 mm Hsdpfx Absy Ukgksgjp Maximum spindle speed: 6000 rpm Travel – x 700 mm Weight: 6000 kg.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2003, Technical details: grinding length: 1500 mm centre height: 325 mm weight of the machine ca.: 12 t Karstens EMAG H310 Universal Grinding Machine Hjdpfx Asx Hgilebgsp Year of manufacture: 2004 Center distance: 1500 mm Center height: 325 mm Reinforced workpiece spindle, load capacity up to 250 kg Driven C-axis for polygon, thread, and eccentric grinding. 3 individually mounted grinding spindles. Siemens 840D control system *

Year of construction: 1998, condition: excellent (used), machine/vehicle number: BS605, Technical specifications: 1 Pfaff column slewing crane NL 250KG with 110KG compressed air cable Payload at full radius 250 KG / 0.25to payload (steel construction) Hjdpfxoiptyas Abgsp Height: about 4.2m UK outrigger: approx. 3.3m Projection: approx. 3.5m Hook height: approx. 2.8 m Weight complete approx. 700 kg with 110 kg Demag compressed air cable Pivoting range 270° Crane is dismantled and available immediately Item location is 75053 Gondelsheim There are other cranes available, load capacity 80-5000 kg, please inquire See pictures Dispatch by forwarding agent or pick-up only by appointment

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7445 TECHNICAL DATA - Track width: 250 mm - Roller width: 400 mm - Max. blade diameter: 400 mm - Blade bore diameter: 80 mm - Max. cutting height: 140 mm - Table width with clearance: 730 mm - Table length: 2120 mm *From above: - Pawls - Pressure roller, smooth - Pawls - Pressure roller, smooth Hjdpfxoza D Rre Abgjp - Saw shaft - Smooth pressure rollers, 2 pcs. From below: - Guide - Sliding shaft, smooth - Pawls - Track - Central lubrication - 2 lasers - Infinitely variable feed speed adjustment - Feed motor: 1.1 kW - Main motor: 37 kW - Electric lifting of the frame: 0.75 kW - Electric lifting of the saw shaft: 0.75 kW - Extraction port diameter: 200 mm - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2200x1850x2100 mm - Weight approx.: 3000 kg ADVANTAGES – German manufacture – Laser – Electric lifting of the frame and shaft – Infinitely variable feed speed adjustment – Used multi-blade saw, in very good condition Net price: 109,900 PLN Net price: 26,160 EUR depending on the exchange rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices may change with significant rate fluctuations)