Used Tos Wh 10 Nc for sale (107,199)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2013, operating hours: 7,990 h, * Komatsu PC210 LC-10 Crawler Excavator * Year of manufacture: 2013 * 7,990 operating hours * 22,600 kg * 123 kW Komatsu engine * MS21 hydraulic quick coupler Hsdpexwrz Eefx Addsfb * 200 cm hydraulic ditch cleaning bucket * Undercarriage width: 300 cm * Rear-view camera * Automatic climate control * All lines installed

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2024, laser power: 10,000 W, sheet thickness (max.): 30 mm, sheet thickness steel (max.): 30 mm, sheet thickness aluminum (max.): 30 mm, sheet thickness brass (max.): 20 mm, sheet thickness copper (max.): 15 mm, positioning speed: 5 m/min, repeat accuracy: 5 mm, overall weight: 12,000 kg, warranty duration: 12 months, working range: 3,050 mm, Equipment: safety light barrier, Make: DURMA Type: HD-F 3015 III Fiber Working range X-Y-Z: 3060x1530x160 mm Laser power: 10000 Watt IPG Control: Siemens Sinumerik 840D Operating hours: 0 h Sheet thickness mild steel: 30 mm Sheet thickness stainless steel: 26 mm Sheet thickness aluminum: 15 mm Sheet thickness brass: 20 mm Sheet thickness copper: 15 mm Sheet size: 3048x1524 mm Hedpfx Adjdx Nalsdjfb Loading weight: 200 kg/m² Speeds X-Y axes: 100 m/min. Simultaneous X-Y axis speeds: 280 m/min. Positioning accuracy: +/- 0.05 mm Repeat accuracy: +/- 0.05 mm Installation area L/W/H: approx. 14500x7500x2420 mm Weight: approx. 12000 kg Standard equipment Automatic pallet changer Sinumerik 840D control system Precitec Procutter F150 focus auto-focus cutting head Automatic sheet position and sheet size measuring system Automatic nozzle cleaning Position laser diode Central lubrication Simple user interface Parameter page (power-speed-pressure) External CAD/CAM programming software with autonesting optional Lantek software Work area lighting Warning light Multi-chamber extraction system Special laser cutting options Remote maintenance CE marking Extended equipment IPG fiber laser source 10000 Watt including cooler Filter, compact dedusting Vanterm Motorized chip conveyor for small parts/waste Laser service set Cloud license Lantek Expert Inside software Lantek software with positioning laser diode with automatic sheet position detection, measurement Auto nozzle changer (Nozzle Changer) The machine can be viewed and demonstrated at our demonstration center in Staufenberg at any time by appointment. Further machines are available for demonstration in Staufenberg. We will be happy to send you further information on request.

Year of construction: 1982, condition: used, x-travel 970 mm y-travel 420 mm z-travel 430 mm Control Heidenhain TNC 135 number of speeds 12 Hfsdpjk H R H Usfx Addjb speeds 31,5-1400 U/min feed range lengthways and crosswise 8-2000 mm/min feed range - vertical 4-1000 mm/min rapid traverse longitudinal and cross 4 m/min rapid traverse Z-axis 2 m/min table-size ca. 1300 x 350 mm weight of the machine ca. ca. 3,8 t dimensions ca. 3050x2350x2320 mm

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Quick reverse movement, high cutting capacity with low power Strong steel welded frame structure Maintenance-free guides and bearings. Operating pedal, safety buttons Front material support up to 920 mm 5m 32Amp cable to power the machine CE certificate Automatic stop with digital position readout, length 0 - 750 mm with pneumatic sheet support system with rear material pick-up compressed air connection required min. 6 bar Hfedpfx Adel Exypjdeb

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2006, Ref. no.: 18138 Hersteller: DEMAG Type: IntElect 80-370-100 NC 4 All electric Year of construction: 2006 Clamping unit Clamping force: 80 ton Opening stroke: 850 mm Distance between tie bars: 370 X 370 mm Mould height min.: 200 mm Mould height max.: 510 mm Platen size (h x v): 600 x 600 mm Injection unit Screw diameter: 22 mm Injection volume: 37 cm³ Hjdpfx Adewm Izisdofb Shot weight: 32 g Injection pressure: 2580 bar Measurements and weight Dimensions: 4,50 X 1,28 X 1,95 m Machine weight: 4750 kg

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Label shrink tunnel for shrinking labels on bottles, cans or jars. Version without conveyor belt and with removable frame. The chamber can be installed on existing conveyor belts, allowing the shrink tunnel to be optimally integrated into your packaging line. Powerful air blowers ensure a smoothly shrinking of the labels without corrugations. - Specifications: Max. product size: Ø 110xH250mm; tunnel size: L1500xW120xH300mm; max. output: 200 containers/minute; power: 380V, 14kW; machine dimensions: L1500xW1005xH2100mm; weight: 300kg. Hsdpjv Nlxlofx Addefb Please note that our new prices are often below the usual used prices. Please feel free to inquire and tell us your packaging task. - Usually 30-50 different new machines are available immediately from stock. In addition, we have very short delivery times from approx. 3 weeks for customized machines. Deviations from the sample photo are possible. - All machines are available with full warranty.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, functionality: fully functional, New machine 24 months warranty Advantages: + TOP price-performance ratio + powerful planetary mixer with digital control + 10 speeds with constant power transmission + with stainless steel ingredient chute and safety grid + when lifting the grid the machine switches off immediately + with integrated dust / splash protection cover + machine stands on 4 vibration-absorbing adjustable feet + no floor anchoring necessary + Boiler lift with lever + boiler support arms made of stainless steel + Closed planetary gearbox made of stainless steel + can also be used with optional 10 liter equipment Hodpohydlysfx Addsfb + fast spare parts supply within 1-2 working days SERIES accessories, included in the price: - 1x 20 liter stainless steel kettle - 1x whisk for 20 liter kettle - 1x flat beater for 20 liter bowl - 1x dough hook for 20 liter kettle SPECIAL accessories, optionally available at extra charge, prices on request: - additional 20 liter stainless steel bowl - additional tools (whisk, flat beater, dough hook) - 10 liter equipment (1x 10 liter stainless steel kettle + 3 tools for 10 liter kettle) Technical data: - Motor power: 1,1 kW - rpm at 50Hz: 148 - 492 (level 1 - 10) - Connected load: 230V - 1Ph - 50Hz - dimensions: 520 x 750 x 930 mm (WxDxH) - max. 1190 mm height when hood is opened - net weight: 100 kg

Year of construction: 2022, condition: new, grinding diameter:260 mm grinding length:1000 mm centre height:130 mm dimensions of grinding wheel:400x60x127 mm grinding wheel speeds:1700,1900,2200 U/min grinding head swivelling:+/- 30 Grad table swivelling +/-:9 Grad Tailstock spindle taper:4 MK grinding wheel motor:4 kW hydraulic motor:1,5 kW work piece motor:0,37 kW net weight:2400 kg gross weight:2950 kg PLC control:Siemens S7 tailstock sleeve movement:pneumatic, via foot padel operating panel:New Rittal operating panel with touchscreen screen from Siemens centers sleeves:2 grinding wheel flange:2 unused cylindrical grinding machine, manufactured by ABA type URS 400 Year, 2009 Hfodpfxjg N Nh Do Addsb Further technical data, and standard and optional equipment, as defined in Appendix. Payment: 100% before loading of the machine Warranty: no

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1994, operating hours: 1,930 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 7,200 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 4,200 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,750 mm, feed rate X-axis: 15,000 m/min, feed rate Y-axis: 15,000 m/min, feed rate Z-axis: 15,000 m/min, total length: 15,000 mm, table length: 5,000 mm, total width: 15,000 mm, spindle speed (min.): 10 rpm, spindle speed (max.): 4,000 rpm, total height: 7,500 mm, table height: 1,350 mm, distance between stands: 3,500 mm, type of input current: AC, table load: 65,000 kg, workpiece weight (max.): 65,000 kg, distance table center to spindle nose: 2,300 mm, overall weight: 210,000 kg, spindle motor power: 50,000 W, MACHINE DATA Machine type: Portal milling machine - double column for continuous 5 axis operation Manufacturer: WALDRICH COBURG Model: 15 S - 10 FPF 300 NC Year of construction: 1994 Condition: Fully refurbished 2015 Functionality: fully functional Operating hours: 1,931 h TECHNICAL DETAILS Number of controlled axes: 5 travel distance X-axis: 7,200 mm travel distance Y-axis: 4,200 mm travel distance Z-axis: 1,750 mm spindle speed (max.): 4,000 rpm working width: 3,500 mm PROVISION Machine location: Ljubljana, Slovenia Availability: now Delivery conditions: FCA Pick up at location: Ljubljana Shipping costs: upon request Planer-milling machine - double column: completely overhauled in 2014 / 2015 by Waldrich Coburg (basically everything except the casting): > New control unit > New cables > New motors > New electrics > Guideways overhauled DESCRIPTION - Heavy double-column machine for processing complex shapes - 2 pallet stations with 2 pallets (load capacity 65t each) - Machine with CNC control SIEMENS 840D sl - In 2014, conversion of the control system to SIEMENS 840D sl (incl. complete cabling and control cabinet) - in 2015 replacement of all axis motors - Various angle milling heads - NC-controlled milling head with 50 kW milling power / clamping 2.5° each with Hirth serration (type USP300C450F15S) - 2-axis NC-controlled fork head with 40 kW milling power (type UFN00SZ500) - Automatic tool changer for 76 tools (ISO 50 and 60) Hjdpfx Aovv N I Reddjfb TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel X / Y / Z: 7,200 / 4,200 / 1,750 mm Milling width: 3,500 mm Distance spindle nose to table: 2,300 mm Milling power: 50 kW Speed: 10 - 4,000 rpm Front spindle diameter: 150 mm Spindle holder: ISO 60, ISO50 Control: Siemens 840D sl Pallet size: 3,000 x 5,000 mm Pallet load: max. 65 t Number of pallets: 2 pieces Tool changer: 76 slots Feed rate: 10 - 15,000 mm/min MACHINE DETAILS Pick-up power: 92 kW Weight: 210 t Spindle hours: 1,931 h Switch-on time: 7,870 h Bed dimensions: 12.5 x 2.3 x 0.78 m; 28.5 t Pallet dimensions: 5.35 x 3.0 x 0.4 m; 22 t Main pallet carrier dimensions: 5.1 x 2.9 x 0.5 m; 25 t Dimensions of bed section: 3.8 x 2.9 x 0.5 m; 10 t Milling spindle box dimensions: 4.1 x 1.9 x 1.5 m; 13.5 t Left/right column dimensions: 4.1 x 1.3 x 1.7 m; 10.5 t Exhaust air slide dimensions: 8.5 x 0.7 x 1.2 m; 1.1 t Control cabinet dimensions: 7.9 x 0.6 x 2.1 m; 2.8t THIS IS A TOP CLASS MACHINE FOR MOST ACCURATE WORK; HIGHLY EFFECTIVE. MACHINE IS ASSEMBLED AND UNDER POWER:

Condition: new, DIESEL 10 LC A SILENCE AVR C5 Power Generator PRODUCT BENEFITS - Power generator with 3 years warranty - Professional KOHLER engine, water cooled - Very quiet - Sound and shock absorbing panels - Collection tank for hydrocarbons GENERAL TECHNICAL DATA DIESEL SILENCE series Frequency (Hz) 50 Hz Max. Power (kW) * 8.30 Rated voltage (V) 230 Hjdpfskvn Tdjx Addjfb Number of phases Single phase Fuel Diesel Tank (L) 27 Combustion 75% (L/h) * 2.60 Autonomy 75% (h) * 10.40 Guaranteed sound power level LwA dB(A) 94 Sound pressure level at 1m distance in dB(A) 78 Sound pressure level at 7m distance in dB(A) 65 TECHNICAL DATA MOTOR Motor brand KOHLER Engine type KDW702-H_C5 Distribution Diesel O.H.V. Electric start Oil protection OUI Displacement (cm3) 686 Oil capacity (l) 1.60 TECHNICAL DATA GENERATOR Technology rings and brushes Regulation AVR Yes Protection class IP 23 Insulation class H DESCRIPTION CONNECTIONS AND SWITCHBOX 2 sockets 230V 10/16A - overload protection + 1 connection 230V 16A - overload protection + 1 connection 230V 32A - overload protection overload protection + 1 connection 230V 32A - overload protection + emergency stop- switch + hour meter + display +APM202 DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT Length (cm) 121.10 Width (cm) 79 Height (cm) 105.60 Net weight (kg) 310 SDMO dealers: Other models available on request.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 1999, - two cutting heads - control unit is renewed - will be sandblasted and repainted - Pump optionally available - available in 12-16 weeks after order Hfsdpjnab Sisfx Addsb Special features - individually customizable to customer requirements - 12 months or 2,000 hours warranty (not on spare and wear parts) We offer a discount when concluding a maintenance or service contract! Contact us and we will make you a customized offer!

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2000, honing diameter 45 mm stroke 1000 mm 4 spindle honing machine for guns Honing area according to the manufacturer: Hfjdjxddq Ejpfx Addob Diameter 5-45mm Maximum Honing Length 750mm Accessories: Honing tools for diameter: -10mm -12,3mm -13,3mm -21,1mm

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1995, Granulator / Knife Mill Manufacturer: CMB (France) Model: MS 610 NC Hjda Asxg Thrjza Spju Main motor: 90 kW Rotor length: 1000 mm Rotor diameter: 600 mm Rotor knives: 5 x 2 Stator knives: 2 x 4 + blower + big-bag station with cyclone Hodpoxg Th Sofx Addefb + water cooling The machine was dismantled from the customer's facility and is stored in our warehouse.

Year of construction: 1987, condition: not inspected (used), Sharpening machine for metal and segmental circular saws. Circular saw blade diameter from 80 - 710 mm. Any tooth pitch. Tooth height 1.2 - 14 mm. Working speed infinitely variable 15 - 180 teeth / min. Wet grinding device, NC controlled, Hfjdpfxelmkpfe Addob

Year of construction: 2025, condition: new, Price is included in packaging and shipping! Hodpfx Aei Hqndeddofb EverRoast Commercial Coffee Roaster has a capacity of 10 kg of green coffee beans per batch and ideal roasting solution for medium-sized cafes and roasteries, which can roast up to 35 KG per hour. Batch Capacity 10 kg Roasting Time 10-14 mins Heat Source LPG/Natural Gas Roasting Principle Conduction & Convection Drum Double Wall Control Unit Manual/PLC(Optional) Fully controllable machine : Airflow Control/Drum Speed Control/Flame Level Control Possible to connect to PC Warranty : 2 Years Your company logo can be added on drum! You can choose any colors! Please contact us for more coffee roasters and coffee equipment!

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2005, total length: 10,000 mm, CNC 5000 control with 17-inch color TFT touchscreen. - Automatic rotary cutting - Double hydraulic clamping set for sheet metal clamping (short and long) Upper beam with water bending groove, oil filler, clamping and leveling material, emergency stop rail along the entire length of the machine, emergency stop actuation integrated into the pedal for the upper beam and bending beam, a second pedal for two-person operation, a safety device for the upper beam, two clamping fingers for short pieces The machine is repaired, inspected, and cleaned by a specialist and is fully operational. A functional test will be performed. Sheet metal width: 10,000 mm Steel sheet thickness: 1.5 mm Hodpfewnyu Djx Addjfb Aluminum sheet thickness: 2.5 mm VA sheet thickness: 1.5 mm Back width: 150 - 1150 mm Color: Light blue/light gray Total power requirement: 400 V Space requirement: 12,500 x (2,367 x 700) + 2070 mm fence Insertion depth: 1150 mm Machine weight: 18,500 kg Positioning speed: 250 mm/sec Number of uprights: 8 Number of clamping jaws: 8 Bending angle: 145 degrees

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2021, functionality: fully functional, total height: 7,000 mm, total width: 4,750 mm, total length: 6,000 mm, pressing force: 1,000 t, reverse speed: 60 mm/s, The MV-1000E/NC-SINCRO hydraulic press is custom-designed for the adjustment of progressive dies. It features a tilting upper table and a movable lower table made of C45E steel, machined with DIN-650 T-slots to ensure minimal friction in the vertical movement of the upper table. This is achieved through the installation of maintenance-free bimetallic bushings and perfect parallelism ensured by four high-mechanical-resistance cylindrical columns of 300 mm in diameter, chrome-plated and rectified. STRUCTURE AND TABLES • Features a structure made from oxy-cut steel divided into three electro-welded monoblocks, exclusively manufactured from S355JR steel. • Stabilized and machined at the end of the welding process to ensure perfect parallelism and precision. • Calculated and designed with finite element software. • Cylindrical columns with a diameter of 300 mm, high mechanical resistance, rectified, and chrome-plated to maintain a low friction and wear coefficient. • Upper table with T-slots and anti-fall safety system. • Useful table surface: 4,750 x 2,250 mm. • Structure designed to support 600 TN of concentrated force on 1/3 of its surface. • Lower table designed to support up to 50 TN in displacement, supported by bronze guides with graphite load and mechanical positioning centers for precise table positioning. CYLINDER AND HYDRAULIC GROUP • 6 single-acting cylinders with lapped sleeves, chrome-plated pistons, and anti-wear guides. • Four 50 TN hydraulic compensators located at the ends of the lower table. • 800-liter hydraulic group with a silent Denison pump, automatic disconnection of the fast approach pre-filling speed, and equipped with a decompression system in working speed. • Proportional pressure system and optical gauges for displacement control on the upper table, with a synchro-electronic system for compensating off-center or unbalanced forces. • Hydraulic group cooling system with an independent air-oil radiator unit. • All M series hydraulic presses include a lateral pressure switch to adjust the most suitable pressure setting for each type of work. • Glycerin manometer with tonnage reading. ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND SAFETY • Includes a SIEMENS safety PLC model SIMATIC S7 1200 and a 12” touchscreen. Allows programming of semi-automatic and automatic operating modes, power, travel, and upper table dwell time. Capable of storing 300 recipes, with each recipe able to program all the above values. • Low voltage operation via two-hand pushbutton. • Anti-fall safety system with hydraulic safety jaws. • Level IV photoelectric barriers installed at the front and rear. • Lateral protections with opening and safety microswitches. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Power tn 125 - 1000 Opening Force tn 100 Powered Speeds 1 Engine Power kW 75 Fast Pre-Fill Speed mm/s 100 Variable Working Speed mm/s 12-4 Return Speed mm/s 60 Guide Diameter mm 300 Maximum Pressure Bar 290 Useful Table Area mm 4.750 x 2.200 Lower Table Displacement mm 2.200 Vertical Travel of Upper Table mm 800 Between Columns mm 5.000 x 1.490 Total Front mm 6.000 Total Side mm 4.750 Hsdpfx Adjwpgwnjdsfb Total Height mm 7.000 Weight kg 150.000

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2019, TECHNICAL DETAILS Drilling depth: 1,000 mm Solid drilling range: 30 mm Boring range: 40 mm Spindle speed: 670 - 3,560 rpm Center height over bed: 380 mm Center height over floor: 1,400 mm Table length: 1,200 mm Table width: 1,200 mm Cross table travel: 2x400 mm Center height above table: 250 – 600 mm Z-Axis Feed rate: 0-7,000 mm/min W-Axis - 400 mm Feed rate: 0-7,000 mm/min X-Axis - 800 mm Feed rate: 0-2,000 mm/min Y-Axis - 350 mm Feed rate: 0-3,000 mm/min Rapid traverse speed: 3.5 m/min Motor rated speed: 8,000 rpm Motor rated power: 18.5 kW MACHINE DETAILS Operating voltage: 380 V Frequency: 50 Hz Connected load: 40 kW Total length: 6,500 mm Total width: 3,500 mm Total height: 2,900 mm Weight: 8 t Hfsdpsw Ekfusfx Addeb EQUIPMENT Manufacturer: Siemens Sinumerik 840 Dsl Includes 1,700 l coolant system 20 single-lip drills from D=6 mm–20 mm/lengths from 1,200–1,750 mm Operating hours: 13,000 h

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1995, Granulator / Knife Mill Manufacturer: CMB (France) Type: MS 610 NC Main motor: 55 kW Rotor length: 1000 mm Rotor diameter: 600 mm Rotor knives: 5 x 2 Stator knives: 2 x 4 Hodsxg Thxspfx Addefb + blower + big-bag station with cyclone + water cooling The machine was dismantled from the customer's facility and is stored in our warehouse.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2012, functionality: fully functional, Grinding diameter max. 360 mm Grinding length max. 1000 mm Max. workpiece weight 150 kgs With internal grinding attachment Main drive power 5 kW Weight 4700 kg Hsdpfswm Ixhsx Addefb Dimensions L x W x M = 3030 x 2250 x 2030 mm Accessories, Equipment - PLC controlled - Tailstock - Work spindle - Grinding spindle with flange and grinding wheel - Internal grinding attachment - Coolant system - Electric handwheel - Working light - Centers - 3 jaws chuck - Manuals The machine is in very good condition and available immediately. Under power in Hungary.

Year of construction: 2019, condition: new, Machine is designed for making panel welded meshes, width 2150 mm, length 6000 mm with distance between line wires 150 Hedpsd N Hvqofx Addjfb mm, with distance of cross wire from 25 to 300 mm and wire diameter from 4 to 8 mm. Basic parts of the machine: 1. Pay-off for line wire. 2. Straitening unit. 3. Line wire pooling unit with loop. 4. Welding unit. 5. Shear. 6. Turner with panel’s stacker. 7. Energy electrical cabinet. 8. Control cabinet. Machine is new !

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, DOALL Hfjdjw U N I Eopfx Addob TYPE: C4100 NC AUTOMATIC FEED YEAR: 2007

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1995, 1995 CMS, model NC-P.F./102-2TCU, CNC, X-travel 141.7", Y-travel 63.0", Z-travel 15.7", dual tables with individual plates, plate sizes are 60" x 60", 10 HP, spindle speed up to 18,000, Allen Bradley control station, 480V, 3 phase, bridge gantry style design, 480V, 3 phase, S/N 1397, winning bidder responsible for proper removal, also includes Becker Vacuum rotary vane pump and filter, and control cabinet. Hjdpoxdddfofx Addefb

Year of construction: 1995, condition: used, Granulator / Knife Mill Manufacturer: CMB (France) Model: MS 610 NC Main motor: 90 kW Rotor length: 1000 mm Rotor diameter: 600 mm Hfjdpsxg Thrjfx Addeb Rotor knives: 5 x 2 Stator knives: 2 x 4 + Blower + Big-bag station with cyclone + Water cooling The machine was dismantled from the customer's facility and is stored in our warehouse.

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER: 7663 TECHNICAL DATA - Maximum planing width: 510 mm - Maximum planing height: 200 mm – Top section: - Anti-kickback fingers - Feed roller, toothed - Hold-downs, 2 rows - Infeed roller, toothed - Hold-down - Planing shaft, 510 mm, 4-knife, 7.5 kW motor - Hold-downs - Discharge feed roller, smooth - 2 outfeed pressure rollers - Smooth feed roller – Bottom section: - Hold-down - Adjustable infeed table with slip roller - Planing shaft, 510 mm, 4-knife, 5.5 kW motor - 2 smooth slip rollers - Side pressure roller – Rear section: Hsdpfx Adex Tphdjdsfb - Side spindles: 1) Vertical right: 140 mm, 4 kW 2) Vertical left: 140 mm, 4 kW - Spindle diameter: 40 mm - Fitted cutterheads: 4-knife, height 120 mm - Spindles adjustable up/down, left/right - Stepless feed speed adjustment - Electric table elevation - Extraction port diameters: 3x150 mm, 1x110 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2300x1700x1700 mm - Weight: 2,200 kg ADVANTAGES – Ideal for flooring processing – Electric table elevation – Manufactured in Czech Republic – Used planer in very good condition Net price: 36,900 PLN Net price: 8,780 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (price may change with significant exchange rate fluctuations)