Used Cnc Press for sale (20,203)

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2021, 2021 Baykal APHS 41240 4-Axis CNC Press Brake with Delem DA-66T Control Bdsdo Ad Duuopfx Abusi Pressure: 240 tons. Bending length: 4100 mm. Control: Delem DA-66T. Axles: Y - beam up/down, X - stop approach and bending distance setting, R - stop up/down, Crowing (bending angle compensation). Power supply: 3-phase. S/No: 28635. Note: Equipped with a large set of bending tools. S/No.28635 (10/2021). Note: Machine located in Czestochowa, Poland.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2021, 2021 Bystronic Xact Smart 225/4100 CNC Press Brake with Bystronic ByVision Controller Thrust: 225 T. Maximum working length: 4,100 mm. Maximum stroke: 200 mm. Rapid traverse speed: 140 mm/s. Working speed: 1–10 mm/s. Return speed: 115 mm/s. S.No: XACT21278SE (2021). Note: Machine located in Czestochowa, Poland. Bdodpfs Ad Dpljx Abusi Machine weight: 15,000 kg.

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Manufacturer AMADA Model AC255NT Year 2008 Machine type CNC Turret Punch Press Punching force 20 tons / 200 kN Drive system Single AC Servo Drive CNC control AMNC-F X-axis travel 1,270 mm Y-axis travel 1,270 mm Sheet capacity with repositioning Approx. 2,500 × 1,270 mm Bdjdpezzn Tljfx Abusi Max. mild steel thickness Approx. 3.2 mm Max. workpiece weight Approx. 150 kg Max. punching diameter Approx. Ø88.9 mm Turret configuration Depending on configuration: 45 / 51 / 58 stations Auto Index stations Depending on configuration Turret rotation speed Approx. 30 rpm Auto Index speed Approx. 60 rpm Max. punching speed Approx. 370 strokes/min Marking speed Up to approx. 900 strokes/min Punching accuracy Approx. ±0.1 mm Power requirement Approx. 19 kVA Air pressure Approx. 5 bar Machine weight Approx. 12,000 kg Machine dimensions Approx. 4,100 × 2,560 mm, depending on configuration Feeder Automatic sheet feeder / loading system Sheet size for feeder Approx. 1,250 × 2,500 mm fully functionel

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2024, 2024 Mazak Integrex J-200S 5-Axis Multi-Tasking CNC Lathe With Mazatrol Smooth G Control Bdjdpfo Ahg S Eex Abusi Main Spindle Hainbuch Ø215mm 3 Jaw Power Chuck, Sub Spindle Kitagawa B-208 3 Jaw Ø210mm Power Chuck. Maximum Swing Ø530mm. Maximum Swing Over Cross Slide Ø530mm. Maximum Machining Ø500mm. Maximum Bar Working Capacity Main Spindle Ø65mm, Sub Spindle Ø51mm. Maximum Machining Length 910mm. Maximum Support Weight Main Spindle Chuck Work 200kg, Maximum Support Weight Sub Spindle Chuck Work 200kg. Axis Travel 'X'=450mm, 'Z'=1,119mm, 'Y'=200mm, ,W,=1,436mm, 'B'=–30° To 210° (5° Increment'), C'=0.0001° Increment. Rapid Traverse 'X'=40m/min, 'Z'=40m/min, 'Y'=40m/min, 'W'=30m/min,C'=555rpm. Main Spindle Speed Range 35-5,000rpm (11kW Motor). Main Spindle Nose JIS A2-6”. Spindle Bore Ø76mm, Sub Spindle Speed Range 35-5,000rpm (11kW Motor). Main Spindle Nose JIS A2-5". Maximum Milling Spindle Speed 12,000rpm (7.5kW Motor). 72 Position ATC. Spindle Nose Capto C6. Turning Tool Shank 25mm², Boring Bar Ø40mm, Maximum Tool Ø125mm, Maximum Tool Length 210mm. Power Requirement 35.34kVA. Power On Hours 2,127. S/No.354479 (2024). NOTE: A loading fee will be added to buyer's invoice of £100 + VAT. With Through Coolant System, Cromar Chip Conveyor, Habor HBO-750PTSBM8 Oil Cooler, Habor HJ-400PSBM2 Oil Cooler, GTI GT 10L Slim Oil Mist Extractor, Parts Cathcher, Foot Switches, Signal Tower, Tooling Package (Consisting Of Kitagawa B-208 3 Jaw Ø210mm Power Chuck, Hainbuch Collets & Assorted Tooling) & Manuals (CD). Overall Machine Dimensions L3,790 x W2,420 x H2,500 mm. Weight 9,800kg.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1998, Model ... Vipros 20-50-50 Frame Construction ... Bridge Type Press Capacity ... 20 Tonnes (196kN) Press Type ... Servo Controlled Hydraulic Ram Axis Traverse Distance ... 1270 mm x 1270 mm Workable Max. Sheet Size . 1270 mm x 2540 mm (with auto repositioning) Maximum Material Thickness ... 6.35 mm Mild Steel Max. Material Weight ... 105 Kg Max. Material Weight (Max Speed) ... 62 Kg Max. Hole Dia. ... 88.9 mm Number Of Stations ... 31 Stations: 19 x 12.7 mm 6 x 31.7 mm 1 x 50.8 mm 2 x 88.9 mm Auto Index 2 x 31.7 mm 1 x 50.8 mm Axis Speed ... 82 m/min Hits Per Minute (2mm Pitch) ... 1000 H.P.M./2.5mm Stroke (25.4mm Pitch) ... 340 H.P.M./8mm Stroke Turret Speed Bi-Directional ... 35 R.P.M. Punching Accuracy ... ± 0.07 mm Punching Accuracy (High Accuracy Mode) ... ± 0.05 mm Repeatability ... ± 0.015 mm Ram Stroke Length (Maximum) ... 40 mm Axis Drive ... AC Servo Motor Turret Drive ... AC Servo Motor Bdede Afdz Rspfx Abuji Electric Power Required ... 22 kVA 400V +/- 10% 50 Hz Air Pressure Required ... 5.0 kgf/cm² Air Flow ... 250 1/min Machine Length ... 5030 mm Machine Width ... 2630 mm Machine Height ... 2160 mm Machine Weight ... 9200 kg NC SPECIFICATION Model of NC ... FANUC 18-P Axis ... 3 Axis Simultaneous + PHNC Tape Code ... EIA or ISO (Automatic Recognition) Programming Mode ... Absolute/incremental Min. Input ... 0.01 mm (0.01°) Max. Input ... 99999.99 mm Preparatory Function ... G - 2 Digit T Function ... T - 3 Digit M Function ... M - 3 Digit Single Block ... Yes Block Delete ... Yes Optional Stop ... Yes Editing ... Yes Manual Data Input ... Yes Memory Capacity ... 64 Kb No. Of Programs ... 200 Machine Operation ... Memory Interface ... RS 232 C

Condition: used, LVD 3m x 135Ton, 4 Axis CNC controlled, with LVD Cadman CNC Control, Type PBEB 135/30, S/N 31078, Year 2007, - No Tooling LVD PBEB 135/30 CNC Press Brake with 135 Ton capacity and 3050mm bending length. Hydraulic CNC press brake ideal for fabrication and sheet metal applications. Available from stock Bjds Ad U Tuspfx Abujdi The LVD PBEB 135/30 CNC Press Brake is a robust and reliable hydraulic bending machine designed for precision sheet metal fabrication. Offering a 135-ton pressing capacity and 3050mm bending length, this machine is well suited to a wide range of manufacturing, engineering and subcontract fabrication environments. Manufactured by LVD, one of Europe's leading press brake manufacturers, the PBEB series is recognised for its durability, bending accuracy and ease of operation. The machine is capable of handling both one-off and production bending requirements, making it suitable for fabricators working across multiple sectors. Available from our Prestwick, Ayrshire facility, this machine presents an excellent opportunity to acquire a proven CNC press brake from a respected manufacturer. Inspection is welcomed and additional information can be provided upon request.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2003, 2003 Mazak Mega Turn A16N M/C CNC Vertical Turning Centre with Elevating Bridge, 'C' Axis & Mazatrol PC-Fusion Control Independant Ø1,600mm 4 Jaw Chuck. Maximum Swing Ø2,030mm. Maximum Table Load 12,000kg. Maximum Turning Height 1,828mm. Ram Travel 'Z'=1,067mm, 'X' Travel 599mm (Right), 1,016mm (Left). Cross Rail Travel 762mm. Maximum Table Speed 230rpm. Milling Spindle Maximum Speed 1,100rpm. 30 Position ATC. S/No. 163418 2 (2003). Note: Has Crossrail & Parameter Issue. Bdedpfx Ae Ahg Tfebuoi With Chip Conveyor & Coolant System. Weight 32,300kg.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2006, 2006 DMG Gildemeister GMX 400 Linear Multi-Tasking Twin Spindle CNC Lathe With Siemens 840D Control & Pneumotec Gantry Parts Loading System With Dual Rohm KUBF-400/4 Ø400mm Power Chucks. Swing Ø640mm. Maximum Turning Ø640mm. Maximum Turning Length 1,500mm. Axis Travel 'X1'=550mm, 'Y'=220mm, 'Z1'=1,585mm, 'X2'=225mm, 'Z2'=1,400mm, 'Z3'=1,500mm, 'B'= ±120°. Rapid Travere 'X'=40m/min, 'Y'=24m/min, 'Z'=60m/min. Spindle Bore Ø107mm. Maximum Bar Capacity Ø92mm. Maximum Main Spindle Speed 4,000rpm (45kW Motor). Maximum Sub Spindle Speed 4,000rpm (45kW Motor). Maximum Rotary Spindle Speed 12,000 (22kW Motor). Rotary Spindle Taper Capto C6. 60 Position ATC. 12 Position Sauter Turret. 20 Position Loading Station With Air Blast Cleaning Tank. S/No. 07500001331 (2006). With Coolant Paper Filtration System, Chip Conveyor, IFM Mist Extraction Unit, Oil Chiller, Automatic Doors, Foot Switches, Wash Gun, Handwheel, Signal Tower & Manuals. Overall Dimensions L9,347 x W4,646 x H3,018mm. Weight 24,000kg. Bedpfo Ahg R Sox Abujdi

Condition: like new (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2022, machine/vehicle number: 00031444-ER, stroke length: 275 mm, throat depth: 410 mm, operating speed: 160 mm/s, reverse speed: 165 mm/s, table height: 900 mm, oil tank capacity: 150 l, overall weight: 4,320 kg, total length: 3,175 mm, total width: 2,100 mm, total height: 2,580 mm, power: 7.5 kW (10.20 HP), input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, pressing force: 60 t, table length: 1,270 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, Manufacturer: ERMAKSAN Model: Speed-Bend Pro 1270×60 Machine type: CNC Hydraulic Press Brake The ERMAKSAN Speed-Bend Pro 1270×60 is a high-precision CNC hydraulic press brake designed for accurate and efficient sheet metal bending. With a maximum bending force of 60 tons and a bending length of 1,270 mm, this machine is suitable for a wide range of industrial sheet metal processing applications. Technical Specifications Maximum bending force: 60 tons (600 kN) Maximum bending length: 1,270 mm Ram stroke: 275 mm Bedpfxoz Slyqo Abuodi Table height: 900 mm Table width: 90 mm Main motor power: 7.5 kW Power supply: 400 V, 3-phase, 50 Hz CNC control: Delem DA-66T (depending on machine configuration) Tool Clamping System: European-style tooling clamping system Side safety guards Foot control: Dual foot pedal Electrical system: Siemens Hydraulic system: Hoerbiger hydraulic system Controller: CYBELEC CYBTOUCH 15PS 2D Upper Tooling (Punch): Rolleri PS 135.85.R08 Machine available from January 16, 2027.

Condition: excellent (used), 4-axis hydraulic CNC press brake with HACO-Robosoft ATS 590 Graphic control (modernized in 2008) and CE conformity. Pressing force: 135 t Bending length: 4000 mm Dimensions L x W x H: approx. 4500 x 1600 x 2320 mm Weight: 10500 kg Accessories / Special features: • 4-axis CNC control HACO ATS 590 Graphic Y1 + Y2, X, R for bending depth, back gauge, and top/middle/bottom gauge fingers • The gauge fingers are adjusted manually, moving them together/apart • Graphical programming and display • CE conformity through 1 working speed • Hydraulic synchronized control • Manual table crowning by adjustment via hand crank under the die with SIKO counter • Split upper tooling, as new • Continuous universal die with 4 different V-openings up to max. V = 40 mm, as new • Split additional upper and lower tooling • Collecting rail • Tooling system "PROMECAM" Bedox Npiyspfx Abuodi • 2 pcs. support arms • Fast, precise and easy to adjust • Foot switch and emergency stop • Electrically secured safety doors (right, left, and rear) • 1 working speed, rapid return • CE conformity UVV valid until 04/2027 Delivery time: immediately from stock in Dortmund, free loading onto a truck Siegfried Volz Werkzeugmaschinen Rüschebrinkstr. 151-153 DE - 44143 Dortmund - Wambel / Germany

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2021, machine/vehicle number: 13900, DENER B-Servo 40-130 CNC servo-electric press brake. Technical data: - Year of construction: 2021 - Serial number: 13900 - Bending force: 40 t Bsdpfxjz Aa Eis Abuedi - Working length: 1300 mm - Back gauge: X + R axes - Tooling style: Eurostyle / AMADA Machine is located in Ivanjica, Serbia. Further information, additional photos and inspection on request.

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2022, machine/vehicle number: 13180, DENER B-Servo 40-130 CNC servo-electric press brake. Technical data: - Year of construction: 2022 - Serial number: 13180 - Bending force: 40 t - Working length: 1300 mm - Back gauge: X + R axes - Tooling style: Eurostyle / AMADA Bdsdpfx Ajz Aa E Njbuoi Machine is located in Ivanjica, Serbia. Further information, additional photos and inspection on request.

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2021, machine/vehicle number: 12986, DENER B-Servo 40-130 CNC servo-electric press brake. Technical data: - Year of construction: 2021 Bdjdoz Aa Ecjpfx Abusi - Serial number: 12986 - Bending force: 40 t - Working length: 1300 mm - Back gauge: X + R axes - Tooling style: Eurostyle / AMADA Machine is located in Ivanjica, Serbia. Further information, additional photos and inspection on request.

Condition: used, CNC Press Brake COLLY 502/A Numerical Command: CYBELEC type DNC 32 P-CM Capacity: Maxi length 2000 mm x 50 T Throat depth: 200 mm Distance between uprights: 1600 mm Back Gear Gauge 1 axe Defective cylinder Right cylinder joint to change Machine functional (only right cylinder joint to change) Voltage: 380 V Length: 2500 mm Bdjdpfxsz Hwhyj Abuei Depth: 2100 mm Total height: 2400 mm Weight: approx 4 T

Condition: used, CNC press brake WEINBRENNER, type EGP 80 Die-bending machine (DEFECTIVE) Serial No. 1257G, Year of manufacture 1991 Pressing force 80 tons Working length 1300 mm Stroke 260 mm with Cybelec DNC 94 PS control system with back gauge Own weight 8800 kg without tools, tooling system probably TRUMPF Machine is not functioning, control system does not boot up. The parameters are likely lost. Bdedpfjz A Ia Sox Abuji Weight 7300 kg (on the nameplate) Weight 8800 kg (weighed on the crane) in good condition

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2022, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 450 kg, input voltage: 230 V, The machine has hardly ever been used. Bedpfx Asy Tv Rlsbuedi It comes with all the necessary blades for the Reynaers range.

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2012, machine/vehicle number: 34435, stroke length: 200 mm, throat depth: 405 mm, operating speed: 21 mm/s, reverse speed: 180 mm/s, table height: 970 mm, oil tank capacity: 350 l, overall weight: 11,500 kg, total length: 4,945 mm, total width: 2,000 mm, total height: 2,995 mm, power: 37 kW (50.31 HP), input voltage: 400 V, input current: 63 A, input frequency: 50 Hz, pressing force: 170 t, clearance between the columns: 2,600 mm, distance table to ram: 400 mm, ram plate length: 3,050 mm, table length: 3,050 mm, table width: 120 mm, Equipment: CE marking, documentation/manual, safety light barrier, Hydraulic press brake LVD EASYFORM 170/30 Touch-B Year of manufacture: 2012 Serial number: 34435 Technical specifications Force: 1700 kN Working length: 3000 mm Distance between uprights: 2600 mm Stroke: 200 mm Distance table – ram: 400 mm Bdjdpfxezk H A Dj Abuji Gap: 405 mm Turbo: PP5400 Approach speed: 128 mm/s Working speed: 22 mm/s Return speed: 200 mm/s Weight: 11500 kg Motor: 37 kW Oil: 350 L Weight: 11500 kg LxWxH: 4945 x 22000 x 2995 mm COMMAND CONTROL TOUCH-B – • Table PP8170 V-axis • EFL 90 • Top tool clamping PP3090 – Wila • Hydraulic top tool clamping PP3100 • PP3160 hydraulic clamping V-dies • Back gauge X R Z1 Z2 X’ • Safety: CE PP3580 – lasersafe • 2 supports, front

Year of construction: 1997, condition: good (used), Used fully serviced and good condition Trumpf 500r cnc punch press for sale TRUMPF TRUMATIC T500R Large format rotation cnc punch press for sale Fully serviced Machine capable of taking multi tool Complete with tool holders and tools including multi tools Complete with Retractable clamps 3metre x 1.5metre sheet without reposition. Additional extras with the machine: Cabinet full of tooling Multitool Multiset – tool setter Quickload Quick sharp tool grinder Trumpf TC 500R Turret Punch 3000 X 1500mm large format machine Bjdpfehtfp Tex Abusdi 1600 throat x 3metre rail. TRUMPF TRUMATIC 500 CNC PUNCH WITH CONTROL & AIR TABLE CAPACITY: 220KN SERIAL YEAR: 1997

Year of construction: 2014, condition: good (used), Used quality modern 2014 BYSTRONIC Xcite 80e electric belt driven cnc Press Brake for sale High specification and highly accurate Cnc downstroke pressbrake for sale Bed length 2metre / 2050mm Year / new: 2014 Model: Xcte 80 e Capacity / tonnage: 80ton Bdedpfxenr Rrzj Abuji Complete Bystronic Byvision touch screen control 5axis back gauge Max stroke 150mm Fully serviced with Bystronic uk

Condition: used, Automatic High Quality Grinding Automatic High Quality Grinding Machine Type : Other All punch operators know the importance of tool maintenance on part quality and tool life. The AMADA TOGU is the solution; an automatic tool grinder design specifically for high quality grinding of sheet metal tooling. Unmanned operation Simple operator control Quick, reliable grinding of all standard tooling Supplied with jigs for shear angle grinding Restores tooling to optimum condition resulting in high quality parts Enables regular regrinding to maximise tool life USED AMADA AUTOMATIC TOOL GRINDER MODEL TOGU-III MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS Model ……………. TOGU-III Max. Diameter Tool Size ……………. 6.30 Max. Grinding …………… .039” Main Axis Motor …………… 2 H.P. 2 P Main Axis Rotation Speed ………….. 3000R.P.M. (60Hz) Main Axis Travel …………… 9.45” Main Axis Feed Motor …………….. DC Servo Motor (0.05 H.P.) Main Axis Feed Speed-High ………… 23.6 I.P.M. Main Axis Feed Speed-Middle ………. 2.36 I.P.M. Main Axis Feed Speed-Low …………. 0.002 I.P.M. Table Motor ……………. 0.134 H.P. 4P Table Rotation Speed …………… 72 R.P.M. (60Hz) Cooling Water Pump Motor ………….. 0.08 H.P. 2P Cooling Water Pump Flow …………… 0.9 CFM (60 Hz) Machine Weight …………….. 1,058 lbs Power Supply …………….. AC220V 3 Phase 2.5 kVA Bedpfx Asfuai Uobuedi (Transformer Used Outside 220v Area) Air Supply …………… 60 C.F.M. Grinding Wheel …………….. CBN 5.31 Benefits: Fast and Easy to Use Fully automated machine Unmanned grinding cycle Easy operation – load ᐳ inputᐳ start Programmable re-grind amount High Quality Finish Automatic feed of wheel prevents tool burn Automatic grinding wheel dress indication Excellent surface finish Safe Unique safety locking system ensures operator safety Visual operation/standby indication Coolant and Filtration System Automatic coolant application prevents tool burn High quality finish maintained by filtration of coolant liquid

Condition: used, Safan 120-4300 TS-1 CNC Pressbrake Year 2004 Pressing Force 120 Ton Bending Length 4,300 mm Distance between Uprights 3,600 – 3,700 mm Maximum Stroke 180 mm Open Height (Table to Ram) 510 mm Throat Depth 400 mm Table Width 160 mm Main Motor Power 7.5 kW Control System Safan TS-1 CNC Number of Controlled Axes Typically 4 Axis (Y1, Y2, X, R) Electrical Supply 400V / 3 Phase Machine Weight Approx. 11,700 – 12,300 kg Bedpozdgnbsfx Abuedi Machine Dimensions (L × W × H) Approx. 4,500 × 1,650 × 2,900 mm

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2023, machine/vehicle number: 15718, DENER B-Servo 40-130 CNC servo-electric press brake. Technical data: - Year of construction: 2023 - Serial number: 15718 - Bending force: 40 t Bodpfxoz Aa Hao Abuodi - Working length: 1300 mm - Back gauge: X + R axes - Tooling style: Eurostyle / AMADA Machine is located in Ivanjica, Serbia. Further information, additional photos and inspection on request.

Year of construction: 1998, condition: good (used), AMADA PROMECAM ITS2 2512 CNC PRESS BRAKE MAKE AMADA PROMECAM, MADE IN FRANCE MODEL ITS2 2512 YEAR 1998 CONTROL OPERATEUR 2 TONNAGE 25 TONS LENGTH 1250.0 mm NO OF AXES 4 AXIS CNC GUARDING SICK OPERATOR LIGHT GUARD TOOLING FULL SET OF CLAMPS PLUS UPSTROKING HYDRAULIC PRESS BRAKE FOOT CONTROL PENDANT FULL SET OF MANUALS FULL SET OF CLAMPS Bjdpfspz Igisx Abuedi SET OF TOP AND BOTTOM TOOLING

Condition: good (used), pressing force: 200 t, ram plate length: 3,100 mm, HAMMERLE 200-ton 3m CNC Press Brake Press Brake, Edge Bending Machine Brand: HAMMERLE Pressing force: 200 tons Bending length: 3100 mm CNC control: CYBELEC DNC 90 Control axes: Y1, Y2, X, R, Z1, Z2, V, which means: Y1, Y2: left and right frame X: back gauge, front/rear R: upper/lower back gauge Bdjdsz Iuaispfx Abusi Z1, Z2: left/right finger V: table compensation Pneumatic supports for sheet metal to the back gauge Numerical and graphical 2D element drawing 1 set of tools included with the machine, plus all items visible in the photo in the toolbox Machine documentation: diagrams and operating instructions

Condition: used, Bystronic XACT Smart 100, 100Ton x 3m, Year 2021.07, Weight 9000kgs. Included is the tooling shown in the photographs. 2021 Bystronic XACT Smart 100/3100 CNC Press Brake with 100 Ton capacity and 3100mm bending length. Tooling included. Available from stock in Prestwick, Ayrshire. Description The Bystronic XACT Smart 100/3100 is a modern CNC press brake designed for accurate and efficient sheet metal bending operations. Manufactured in 2021, this machine offers a 100-ton bending capacity and a 3100mm bending length, making it suitable for a wide range of fabrication, engineering and subcontract manufacturing applications. Bdjdpo Ad U T Iefx Abuoi Offered from our Prestwick facility in Ayrshire, the machine is supplied complete with the tooling shown in the photographs and is available for immediate inspection. The XACT Smart range is renowned for its straightforward operation, high bending accuracy and reliable performance in both jobbing and production environments. Key Features: 100 Ton bending capacity 3100mm bending length Year 2021 CNC controlled Approximate weight 9,000kg Tooling included as shown Immediate availability Inspection welcomed This machine represents an excellent opportunity to acquire a late-model European CNC press brake at a substantial saving against new replacement cost.