Used Doosan Dl 200 for sale (261)

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2010, Turning diameter 376mm, Ksdpfxez Rzzaj Abvsnc turning length 760mm, bar capacity 76mm, Y axis -/+ 52.5mm, C axis 0.001 degrees, 12 station turret , 22KW Motor, Main spindle 4,000 rpm, sub-spindle 4,500 rpm, 3 jaw chuck, parts catcher, toolsetter,

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, functionality: fully functional, spindle bore: 52 mm, spindle speed (max.): 6,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 15 W, overall weight: 3,500 kg, For sale: DOOSAN LYNX 220MA CNC turning center, year 2007, equipped with driven tools, C-axis, and FMB SL 80 S automatic short-bar feeder. Knjds Aay Ntepfx Abvsc Technical specifications Manufacturer: DOOSAN Infracore Model: LYNX 220MA Year of manufacture: 2007 CNC control: DOOSAN-FANUC Maximum turning diameter: 250 mm Maximum turning length: 290 mm Maximum bar capacity: 51 mm Main spindle speed: 6,000 rpm Main spindle motor: 15 / 11 kW Chuck size: 6" Turret: 12 stations Driven tools / live tooling: Yes Maximum live tool speed: 6,000 rpm Live tooling motor: 3.7 kW C-axis: Yes Included equipment FMB SL 80 S automatic short-bar feeder Driven-tool turret C-axis for milling and drilling operations Chip conveyor Tool holders visible in the photographs The machine is suitable for automatic bar machining, including turning, drilling, tapping, and milling operations. Location: Slovenia, EU

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2017, operating hours: 4,505 h, load capacity: 2,000 kg, lifting height: 4,500,000 mm, construction height: 2,170,000 mm, power: 33 kW (44.87 HP), gearing type: automatic, overall weight: 5,170 kg, empty load weight: 3,170 kg, color: orange, first registration: 07/2017, maximum load weight: 2,000 kg, number of seats: 1, driver cabin: other, wheelbase: 1,400 mm, Equipment: cabin, front guard, head guard, sideshift, * German vehicle * Condition see photos * Completely new tires * only 4505 operating hours * TYPE: G20SC-5 LP * 1.565 kg lifting capacity at 500 mm heavy load distance * 905 kg lifting capacity at 1,700 mm heavy load distance * Lifting height: 4,500 mm * Load capacity: 2,000 kg * Mast type Doosan FFT with load protection grid * Fork length: 1,700 mm * Fork width: 80 mm * Integrated sideshift with hydraulic fork adjustment * Adjustment range up to 850 mm * 2.4 L LPG engine (HMC) * Automatic powershift transmission * Oil-cooled multi-disc brake * Full cab with protective roof * Driver's seat with restraint system * Windshield wiper * Towing device * Clear instruments * Ergonomic driver's seat * Turning radius: 2,050 mm * OSS (safety shutdown system) * Maximum speed 18 Km/h * Unladen weight: 3,170 kg * Tare weight: 5,170 kg If new TÜV approval is required, we will be happy to make you an offer from our partner workshops. Our offer is generally WITHOUT new TÜV approval, without new DGUV, without new SP, without new UVV. You can find more trucks on our homepage at We speak the following languages: German, English, Polish, Turkish Note: We offer and strongly recommend a viewing and inspection of the goods to ensure that the buyer has no misconceptions about the condition and suitability of the goods. Inspections and tests are possible at any time by appointment and are expressly desired. All information is without guarantee. No liability is accepted for errors and incorrect information in the offer. The buyer is obliged to independently check the condition and equipment of the goods/vehicles. Subject to alterations, prior sale and errors excepted. Knsdpfx Abevhpr Hovec - .

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2019, Swing over bed 900mm, Swing over saddle 690 mm, Maximum turning diameter 650mm, maximum turning length 3070mm, bar capacity 165.5mm, Spindle speed 1,500rpm, milling speed 4,000rpm, spindle power 45/37KW, 12 station turret, Fanuc I Plus control. 3 jaw chuck, tool setter, Hydraulic steady, swarf conveyor, Kodpfez Ehvfex Abvonc

Condition: used, Equipment: air conditioning, Year of manufacture: 2017 Year of construction: 2017 Operating hours: 7.480 Empty weight: 18.890 kg Dimensions (LxBxH): 810 x 292 x 348 cm Digging depth: 4.4 m = Additional options and accessories = Knjdpfx Aboy Nwukjvoc - Central lubrication - Rubber tracks

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2012, operating hours: 41,280 h, travel distance X-axis: 165 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 700 mm, total height: 2,200 mm, total width: 1,630 mm, overall weight: 9,000 kg, controller manufacturer: FANUC, controller model: Series 31i-MODEL A, product length (max.): 2,800 mm, number of axes: 8, This 8-axis DOOSAN PUMA TT 1800 SY was manufactured in 2012. It features a maximum turning diameter of 230 mm and a maximum workpiece length of 700 mm. The machine is equipped with two spindles and two turrets, providing enhanced machining capabilities. If you are looking to get high-quality turning and milling capabilities, consider the DOOSAN PUMA TT 1800 SY turn-mill centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. Knsdpfx Aoz I Rbvebvjc - Operating Hours: 41,280 h (as of Spindle Hours: 24,632 h (as of Total Machined Parts (TEIL GESMT): 14,162 pcs- Number of Spindles: 2 (Main Spindle & Counter/Sub Spindle)- Main Spindle Speed Range: 50 - 5,000 rpm- Counter Spindle Speed Range: 50 - 6,000 rpm- Number of Turrets: 2 (Tool holders)- Powered/Driven Tools: Yes- C-Axes: 2- Y-Axes: 1 (Upper turret)- Max. Turning Diameter: 230 mm- Max. Workpiece Length: 700 mm- Power Supply Voltage: AC 200/220V, 3-Phase (PE, 50/60 Hz) / 400 V, 50 Hz- Rated Power (Nennleistung): 75.21 kVA- Full Load Current (Volllaststrom): 197.37 A- Interrupting Capacity (Unterbrechungsstrom): 13 kA- Short-Circuit Current (Kurzschluss-Strom): 25 kA- Schematic Output (Schaltplan-Ausgabe): PT1H31AA02- Additional Equipment & Accessories: * FMB turbo 8-80/3200 bar feeder * Chip conveyor * Coolant system with belt filter * Internal coolant supply (IKZ) & supply via turret head * Hydraulic power unit * Large selection of tool holders, collet chucks (REGO-FIX / ER), and turning inserts Technical Specification Counter Spindle Yes Driven Tools Yes

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2023, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: H2017, overall weight: 68 kg, load capacity: 20 kg, arm reach: 1,700 mm, pivoting range: 360 °, type of input current: three-phase, The Doosan H2017 is an advanced collaborative robot (cobot) that combines high performance with maximum safety and precision. With a lifting capacity of up to 20 kg and a reach of 1,700 mm, the H2017 is ideal for heavy and space-intensive tasks in industry, production, and logistics. The robot is equipped with six integrated high-performance torque sensors, which ensure extremely precise motion control and safe operation in collaboration with humans. This technology makes the H2017 particularly suitable for tasks where both strength and sensitivity are crucial – such as palletizing, machine tending, assembly, and handling of heavy items. Benefits of the Doosan H2017: Knjdpfxez Sxc Rs Abvec ✅ High payload of 20 kg – perfect for heavy lifting ✅ Long reach (1,700 mm) – increased flexibility and coverage ✅ Six torque sensors – precise, stable, and safe collaboration ✅ Intuitive programming – quick implementation and startup ✅ Advanced safety features – meets international standards ✅ Robust and reliable design – suitable for industrial environments Ideal for: Palletizing and depalletizing Machine tending Assembly and joining Internal logistics and material handling Automation of manual and ergonomically demanding tasks With the Doosan H2017, you get a future-proof cobot that increases productivity, reduces the strain on employees, and delivers consistently high quality – every time. Availability: We have some almost new Doosan H2017 units for sale – still in their original packaging.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, Traverses X Y Z; 1300 x 670 x 625mm, Table size 1500 x 670mm, maximum table load 1300 kgs. Kodpfxozzzwqs Abvsnc min-max height spindle to table 150-775mm, spindle speed 12,000rpm, spindle taper BT40, 30 station ATC spindle power 18.5 Kw, Fanuc OI series control, Through spindle coolant.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2026, operating hours: 42 h, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 6,500 kg, fuel type: diesel, power: 640 kW (870.16 HP), output current: 1,152 A, output voltage: 400 V, output frequency: 50 Hz, type of output current: AC, nominal power: 640 kW (870.16 HP), nominal power (apparent): 1,500 kVA, continuous power (apparent): 800 kVA, total length: 5,500 mm, total width: 1,800 mm, total height: 2,500 mm, rotational speed (max.): 1,500 rpm, motor manufacturer: Perkins, type of cooling: water, fuel: diesel, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, rotational speed (min.): 1,500 rpm, type of input current: three-phase, We have the following emergency power generators or grid replacement systems from our series production available for sale, with the following technical specifications: Condition: New, 2026 Engine: Doosan DP180LB Rated power: 700 kVA / 560 kW Speed: 1500 rpm Frequency: 50 Hz Rated voltage: 231/400 V Kodjwqai Hspfx Abvenc - Includes batteries - Includes diesel tank (1000 L) - Includes circuit breaker 4P ABB XT7S - Includes control system (island operation) - On request, a control system for grid-parallel operation, load distribution, and peak load management can be provided for an additional charge. Seamless integration into your energy infrastructure. Complete unit installed in a sound-insulated, weatherproof container. Dimensions: 600x245x270 cm (L x W x H) Weight: 10,500 kg Warranty: 24 months or 2000 operating hours. The emergency power generator will be delivered in operational condition, including a documented load test of 60 minutes. Delivery, installation, and commissioning are available for an additional charge. Price: €73,000 net.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2023, Traverses X Y Z; 1050 x 570 x 510mm, Table size 1300 x 570mm, min-max height spindle to table 150-660mm, spindle speed 12,000rpm, Kodpfxjzqtb Hs Abvenc 30 station ATC, spindle taper BT40, spindle power 18.5 kW, Fanuc control, Through Spindle Coolant, swarf conveyor

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2022, operating hours: 1,802 h, 2-AXIS CNC LATHE MACHINE IN LIKE-NEW CONDITION YEAR OF FIRST INSTALLATION: 2022 ONLY 1,802 OPERATING HOURS DN SOLUTION MODEL LEO 1600 FANUC i-Plus CNC CONTROL SPINDLE NOSE: ASA-5 HYDRAULIC CHUCK DIAMETER: 210 mm SPINDLE SPEED: 4,000 RPM TRAVELS: X: 175 mm Z: 330 mm TAILSTOCK Kodo Aav Avopfx Abvjnc TURRET: 8 STATIONS CHIP CONVEYOR COMPLETE WITH ALL DOCUMENTATION

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2021, travel distance X-axis: 1,050 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 570 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 510 mm, controller manufacturer: FANUC, controller model: i Series, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 18,500 W, number of slots in tool magazine: 30, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis DOOSAN DNM 5700 was manufactured in 2021. It features an impressive X-axis travel of 1,050 mm, Y-axis travel of 570 mm, and Z-axis travel of 510 mm. The machine is equipped with a maximum spindle speed of 12,000 rpm and a tool magazine capacity of 30 tools. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the DOOSAN DNM 5700 vertical machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • 2 units available • CNC control: FANUC i Series (15" display, 2 MB program storage / up to 1,000 programs, Ethernet connection) • Rapid traverse X: 36 m/min • Rapid traverse Y: 36 m/min • Rapid traverse Z: 30 m/min • Spindle torque: 118 Nm • Through-spindle coolant: 12 bar • Coolant gun • Ball screw nut cooling • Tool breakage detection in the magazine • Automatic doors • Robot interface • Preparation for 4th axis • Coolant level sensor • Mist collector interface Kedjz N E Dvopfx Abvonc Additional equipment • LNS MH500 chip conveyor • Belt-type oil skimmer • HIWIN RCV 250 rotary table (4th axis) • HIWIN RTS 250 support (tailstock/support for 4th axis) • Hydraulic unit 200 bar, 2 A+B • Hydraulic fixture support for 4th axis • Seat air check Technical Specification Taper Size BT 40

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, Equipment: documentation/manual, We are offering a complete, integrated robotic CNC turning cell consisting of two DOOSAN vertical CNC turning centers and one KAWASAKI ZX-165U industrial robot. The machines and robot are exceptionally well preserved, regularly maintained and currently operating in our production facility in a two-shift environment. The robotic cell enables automated workpiece handling, loading and unloading between the CNC machines. This is an opportunity to acquire an existing production automation system rather than sourcing individual machines and commissioning a new integration. 1. Complete cell – Included equipment • 1 × DOOSAN VT450TM-2SP CNC turning center • 1 × DOOSAN VT750TM-2SP CNC turning center • 1 × KAWASAKI ZX-165U industrial robot and robot control cabinet • Installed robot gripper / workpiece handling equipment • Safety fencing and protective enclosure • Robot-to-machine communication interfaces • Associated electrical and pneumatic automation components • Workpiece handling / storage stations and chip conveyors 2. Condition, inspection and advantages Both CNC machines and the Kawasaki robot are fully operational, regularly maintained and currently used in our manufacturing facility in Slovenia. The complete cell can be inspected under power and demonstrated during production by prior appointment. • Complete, existing robotic CNC turning solution • Two heavy-duty Doosan vertical turning centers with FANUC CNC controls • Driven tools and C-axis on both machines Knsdpfxsz Rqqqs Abvec • Automated workpiece handling and reduced manual intervention • Excellent condition; regularly maintained • Live inspection and test run available 3. Typical applications Automated machining of flanges, bearing rings, gear components, housings, brake discs, large rotational components and other medium- to heavy-duty industrial workpieces, including steel and cast-iron parts. 4. Sales information The complete robotic cell is offered for sale as one integrated system. Additional photographs, video and technical information are available upon request. Inspection and test run by appointment

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 5381-2013, Year of construction: 2013, load capacity: 1,600 kg, fuel type: electric, battery model: DIN 43535, 3PzS or 4EPzS types, remaining battery capacity: 90 %, battery voltage: 24 V, fork carriage width: 800 mm, fork length: 1,195 mm, turning radius (outer): 1,780 mm, overall weight: 1,540 kg, total height: 4,790 mm, total width: 880 mm, Equipment: pallet forks, Doosan LEDS16IP — 1.6t electric platform stacker General Drive: Electric, walk-behind Capacity (Q): 1.6 t (1,600 kg) Load centre distance (C): 600 mm Load distance (X): 836 mm Year 2013 Serial Number 5381-2013 Max. mast height 4,790 mm Unladen weight incl. battery: 1,540 kg Initial lift (h5): 120 mm Overall width (b1): 880 mm Fork dimensions (thickness/length): 185 / 1,195 mm Outer fork spread (b5): 575 mm Aisle width for 800×1200 pallet, lengthways (Ast): 2,520 mm Turning radius (Wa): 1,780 mm Performance Travel speed, laden/unladen: 9.0 / 10 km/h Travel speed, pedestrian/stacking mode: 5 / 3.5 km/h Lift speed, laden/unladen: 0.13 / 0.20 m/s Lowering speed, laden/unladen: 0.49 / 0.23 m/s Gradeability, laden/unladen: 6 / 8 % Electrics Drive motor (AC): 2.3 kW Lift motor (DC): 3 kW Ksdez Tdiropfx Abvsnc Battery: 24V, up to 500 Ah (DIN 43535, 3PzS or 4EPzS types) Max. battery weight: 400 kg Controller: AC pulse control (drive and lift)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2014, 900mm Swing, 650mm max. machining diameter, Knjdpfx Abez D Axfevoc 992 mm maximum turning length, 1000rpm spindle, Spindle bore 275mm, 10 station turret 45kW spindle motor, FANUC Series 32i control, 24” 3 Jaw manual Chuck, Tailstock, Swarf Conveyor, Coolant,

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, functionality: fully functional, Equipment: documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, Doosan Turning Center Kodpfez St Tqex Abvjnc 2 Axes (X, Z) Model: Puma GT2100B Year: 2018 CNC: Fanuc CE Certification Chip Conveyor: Operational ✅ Documentation: Available ✅ Chuck: Operational ✅

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2012, 370mm max. machining diameter, 651mm swing over bed, 461mm swing over cross-slide, 712mm max turned length, 3500rpm spindle, 76mm bar capacity, 12 station turret, 15kW spindle motor, FANUC Oi control, 3 jaw chuck , C axis & Milling, Tool presetter, Tailstock, coolant, swarf conveyor. Kodpfoz D Ayvjx Abvonc

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2022, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 725 mm, turning diameter over cross slide: 590 mm, turning diameter: 376 mm, spindle motor power: 30 W, spindle speed (max.): 2,800 rpm, spindle bore: 115 mm, travel distance X-axis: 280 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 830 mm, rapid traverse X-axis: 24 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 30 m/min, torque: 1,112 Nm, bar passage: 103 mm, bar diameter (max.): 103 mm, quill stroke: 100 mm, quill diameter: 100 mm, quill travel distance: 100 mm, swing diameter over cross slide: 590 mm, spindle nose: A 2-11, swing diameter over bed slide: 720 mm, feed force X-axis: 9,465 N, feed force Z-axis: 17,379 N, Equipment: documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, As-new machine, only used for commissioning and combined with a Universal BIG 70 LoadAssistant holder. Can also be purchased separately. Knjdpeyud Uasfx Abvoc

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2021, travel distance X-axis: 2,100 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 670 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 625 mm, controller manufacturer: FANUC, overall weight: 10,000 kg, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 18,500 W, number of slots in tool magazine: 30, number of axes: 4, This 4-axis DOOSAN DNM 6700 XL was manufactured in 2021. It features an impressive X-axis travel of 2,100 mm, Y-axis travel of 670 mm, and Z-axis travel of 625 mm. The machine is equipped with a FANUC i-Series CNC control and a spindle speed of 12,000 rpm. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the DOOSAN DNM 6700 XL vertical machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Condition: Excellent, used • Functionality: Fully functional • Display: 15" • Program storage: 2 MB / 1,000 programs • Rapid traverse X/Y/Z: 30 / 30 / 30 m/min • Spindle torque: 118 Nm • Through-spindle coolant: 12 bar • Ball screw nut cooling • Tool breakage detection • Automatic doors • Robot interface • 4th-axis preparation • Ethernet connection • Coolant gun • Coolant level sensor Additional equipment • HIWIN RCV 320 rotary table (4th axis) • HIWIN RTS 320 support (tailstock) Knsdpfx Abez Ngy Eovec • Hydraulic aggregate: 200 bar, 3 A+B • Hydraulic 4th-axis fixture support: 4x oil / 4x air; seat air check • LNS MH500 chip conveyor • Oil mist extraction system • Oil skimmer Technical Specification Taper Size BT 40

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2017 Knedpfx Abjzb Nahjvjc Operating hours: 8.000

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, operating hours: 2,742 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: MV0061-000661, travel distance X-axis: 762 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 516 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 570 mm, controller manufacturer: Fanuc, workpiece length (max.): 800 mm, workpiece width (max.): 550 mm, workpiece height (max.): 460 mm, total height: 2,580 mm, total length: 3,260 mm, total width: 3,130 mm, table width: 570 mm, table height: 880 mm, table length: 860 mm, overall weight: 9,200 kg, distance table center to spindle nose: 720 mm, spindle motor power: 15,000 W, number of slots in tool magazine: 30, input voltage: 380 V, type of input current: AC, Equipment: chip conveyor, documentation/manual, Doosan VC 510 (2017) – Vertical Machining Center with APC High-productivity 40-taper vertical machining center featuring a heavy-duty column-moving design and an integrated 2-pallet automatic pallet changer (APC). Key Specifications: Knedpfx Abez Atqrovjc Year: 2017 Control: Fanuc Travels (X / Y / Z): 762 × 516 × 570 mm Pallet Size (×2): 860 × 570 mm (Rotary APC, ~6 sec swap) Max Workpiece Size: 800 × 550 × 460 mm Max Table Load: 350 kg per pallet Spindle Motor (kW): 15(30min)/11(CONT.) Max. Torque (Nm): 191.1(30min) Tool Changer (ATC): 30 Tools Rapid Traverse (X/Y/Z): 40 / 40 / 32 m/min Guideways: Heavy-duty Roller LM Guides Machine Weight: ~9,200 kg Excellent condition, fully maintained, and built for continuous high-speed production. Contact for inspection and further details.

Condition: used, power: 127 kW (172.67 HP), color: orange, lifting height: 2,800 mm, Year of manufacture: 2017 Year of construction: 2017 Operating hours: 7.870 Number of cylinders: 6 Empty weight: 15.000 kg Carrying capacity: 10.885 kg Kodsxxkf Sjpfx Abvenc GVW: 25.885 kg Dimensions (LxBxH): 758 x 274 x 328 cm Engine type: Doosan Doosan DL06 Stage IV

Condition: used, power: 127 kW (172.67 HP), lifting height: 2,750 mm, Year of construction: 2015 Operating hours: 7.480 Empty weight: 14.400 kg Kodpfx Aozb I U Dsbvsnc Dimensions (LxBxH): 772 x 264 x 328 cm Engine type: Doosan Doosan DL06K Tier IIIB Bucket volume: 2.5 m^3

Condition: used, power: 127 kW (172.67 HP), fuel tank capacity: 255 l, color: orange, lifting height: 2,750 mm, Year of construction: 2014 Operating hours: 6.540 Empty weight: 14.400 kg Dimensions (LxBxH): 772 x 264 x 328 cm Kedpfx Absy Takisvjnc Engine type: Doosan Doosan DL06K Tier IIIB Bucket volume: 2.5 m^3

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2016, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 800 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 450 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 510 mm, feed rate X-axis: 36 m/min, feed rate Y-axis: 36 m/min, feed rate Z-axis: 36 m/min, controller manufacturer: FANUC, controller model: i Series + Easy Operation Package, total height: 2,950 mm, total length: 2,160 mm, total width: 2,615 mm, table width: 450 mm, table length: 1,000 mm, table load: 600 kg, overall weight: 5,000 kg, spindle speed (min.): 0 rpm, spindle speed (max.): 8,000 rpm, operating hours of spindle: 5,025 h, coolant supply: 20 bar, spindle motor power: 18,500 W, spindle nose: SK40 (DIN69871), number of spindles: 1, number of slots in tool magazine: 30, Equipment: chip conveyor, documentation/manual, We acquired this machine in working condition directly from the first owner, after it had completed its production cycle. The Doosan DNM 4500 from 2016, equipped with a FANUC control system, is a reliable 3-axis vertical CNC machining center. It is particularly suitable for general milling operations, working with steel/stainless steel/aluminum, and for series production. The machine will be fitted with 2 new original windows (currently on order)! Additional options & accessories: - Internal cooling (20 bar) - Electronic handwheel - DOOSAN Easy Operation Package - Chip conveyor - HAIMER 3D probe - AOF mist extraction system Kjdpezzdh Eofx Abvenc - Oil skimmer - Preparation for a 4th axis - All original documentation.