Used 3D Printers for sale (167)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2022, Ultra-fast 3D plastic printer Ultra-fast 3D plastic printer (growing volume 275x155x400 mm) for industrial use and learning environments, with fast material exchange and a wide selection of more than twenty print materials. Challenge the speed and quality of injection molding and take advantage of the superior flexibility without tools! Dwsdpfx Astucr Ieizsd Whole metalprinting system including: - Printer 3D plastic printing - x-Wash Product washing - x-Cure Hardening of printed parts NexaX v1 Software Easy print handling and remote control, job listing, queues and statistics This is a full system including the 3D-printer, wash station, and the curing device. Materials: KeyGuide, KeyModel Ultra - Ivory, KeyModel Ultra - Light Gray, KeyOrtho IBT, KeySplint Hard, KeySplint Soft, KeyTray, PRO9499 White, Saremco Print CROWNTEC, xABS3843, xDENT341-Beige, xESD, xFLEX402-Black, xFLEX475-Black, xFLEX475-White, xMODEL15-Black, xCERAMIC3280, xDENT201-Gray, xDENT341-Beige, xESD, xFLEX402-Black, xFLEX475-Black, xFLEX475-White, xMODEL15-Black, xMODEL15-Gray, xMODEL17-Clear, xMODEL35-Black, xMODEL35-Gray, xMOLD, xPEEK147, xPP405-Black, xPRO1100-Black, xPRO9400-FR

Condition: refurbished (used), For Sale: EOS P730 – Guaranteed Working Condition This EOS P730 has been fully cleaned and revised by Inframotion 3D (IM3D) to ensure optimal performance. Equipped with 2x Synrad 48-5 CO2 lasers, this high-performance machine is designed for demanding SLS production environments. Available Accessories: We offer a variety of optional accessories to enhance your setup, including: • Docking station • Transitube • IPCM P • Unpacking station • Build frames Upgrade Options: Take your EOS P730 to the next level with available upgrades, such as: • Coherent C70 laser upgrade for enhanced performance • Laser window upgrade for improved efficiency • And more! Contact us for details. Materials Highlight We supply plug-and-play materials, fully tested and optimized for EOS systems. Our Inframotion PA12 delivers excellent performance at a fraction of the cost of OEM powders, helping you reduce production expenses without compromising on quality. Services Included: • Transport & Installation: Safe delivery in original EOS packaging and professional installation services. • Warranty & Maintenance Plans: Flexible options available to meet your needs. Dwsdjq E I Anjpfx Aized About Inframotion 3D (IM3D) At Inframotion 3D B.V., we specialize in high-quality refurbished EOS SLS machines and provide comprehensive support. As the only provider offering a complete solution for used EOS equipment, we deliver unmatched expertise and reliability. What we offer: • Expert service: Installation, maintenance, repairs, and upgrades performed by skilled ex-EOS technicians. • Exclusive materials: Cost-effective consumables like our plug-and-play PA12, fully tested and optimized for EOS systems. • End-to-end support: From transport to tailored maintenance plans, we handle every detail. Choose IM3D for dependable machines, premium materials, and the expertise to maximize your SLS production. Contact us today for more information or specific inquiries!

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 1,332 h, construction height: 180 mm, construction width: 220 mm, No minimum price—guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! Markforged Metal X TECHNICAL DETAILS Printing process: ADAM – Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing Build volume: 300 × 220 × 180 mm Max. part size: 250 × 183 × 150 mm Dedpfjzx Rkbex Aizjwd Max. part weight: 10 kg Layer height after sintering: 50 µm and 125 µm MACHINE DETAILS Supported materials: Copper, 17-4PH stainless steel, Inconel 625, H13 tool steel, D2 tool steel Print chamber: heated Print bed: heated, vacuum-sealed print plate, automatic print bed leveling Printing system: two nozzles for metal material and release material Dimensions & Weight Dimensions: 575 × 467 × 1,120 mm Weight: 75 kg Power supply: 100–120 / 200–240 V AC Current consumption: 12 / 6 A Connection: IEC 60320 Type C20 Operating hours: 1,332 h EQUIPMENT Markforged Wash-1 Debinder Markforged Sinter-1 Sintering System Markforged Wash-1 TECHNICAL DETAILS Debinder Supported materials: all metals Cleaning media: Opteon SF79, Opteon SF80, or Tergo Metal Cleaning Fluid Control: integrated control system Workpiece holder: Stainless steel basket Washing area: 356 × 254 × 203 mm Washing volume: 18,356 cm³ MACHINE DETAILS Power supply: 110–120 V AC, single-phase Current consumption: 11 A Peak power consumption: 1,320 W Dimensions & Weight Dimensions: 609 × 685 × 1,067 mm Weight: 136 kg FEATURES Integrated control system Stainless steel basket Shut-off at low fluid level Shut-off at high vapor pressure Markforged Sinter-1 TECHNICAL DETAILS Furnace specifications Supported materials: chemically debound parts printed with Metal X Heating element: Kanthal Control: preprogrammed automatic cycle control Sintering cycle: 26 h Max. internal temperature: max. 1,300 °C Sintering capacity: 141 mm inner diameter × 305 mm length Sintering volume: 3,020 cm³ Sintering surface area: 348 cm² for a ceramic setter plate Setter plate dimensions: 11.4 × 30.4 cm Process gases: argon, argon-hydrogen mixture Retort: high-purity, carbon-free refractory retort MACHINE DETAILS Exhaust air requirement: 100–150 CFM, external exhaust Power supply: 200–240 V, single-phase Current consumption: 30 A Recommended circuit breaker rating: 50 A Dimensions & Weight Dimensions: 1,270 × 510 × 720 mm Weight: 136 kg FEATURES Pre-programmed automatic cycle control Kanthal heating element Ceramic setter plate High-purity, carbon-free refractory retort

Condition: reconditioned (used), For Sale: EOS M400 – High-Performance Metal 3D Printer This EOS M400, is a cutting-edge metal additive manufacturing system located at the customer’s site. It is equipped with a 1kW laser, ensuring high precision and productivity for large-scale industrial applications. Specifications: • Laser Power: 1kW • Technology: Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) Compatible Materials: This system supports a wide range of materials, making it ideal for diverse applications across industries such as aerospace, automotive, and medical. Compatible materials include: • Nickel-based alloys: IN718_1, HX-1, IN625_1, IN939_1 • Aluminum alloys: AlF357_1, AlSiMg_1 • Copper alloys: CuCrZr_1, Cu_1 • Stainless steels: GP1_1, PH1_1 • Tool steels: MS1_1, SP2_1 • Titanium alloys: Ti64_1, Ti64ELI_1, Ti64Grade23_1, TiGrade5_1, TiCP_1 • Custom gas options: CustomAr, CustomN2 • Cobalt chrome: MP1_1 Why Choose the EOS M400? • Large build volume for industrial-scale production. • High laser power for enhanced speed and precision. • Wide material compatibility for versatile applications. Services Included: Dedsvq Sm Eopfx Aizjwd • Transport & Installation Support: We can arrange safe relocation and installation at your facility. • Expert Maintenance Plans: Flexible plans to keep your machine in peak condition. About Inframotion 3D (IM3D) At Inframotion 3D B.V., we specialize in providing high-quality refurbished EOS additive manufacturing machines with comprehensive support. As the only provider offering a complete solution for used EOS equipment, we ensure reliable machines, tailored services, and premium materials for your production needs. What we offer: • Expert service: Installation, servicing, and upgrades performed by skilled ex-EOS technicians. • Exclusive materials: High-quality consumables tested and optimized for EOS systems. • End-to-end support: From transport to tailored maintenance plans, we handle every detail. Trust IM3D to help you scale your metal additive manufacturing capabilities with confidence. Contact us for more information or inquiries!

Condition: refurbished (used), For Sale: EOS P760 – Guaranteed Working Condition This EOS P760 has been fully cleaned and revised by Inframotion 3D (IM3D) to ensure optimal performance. Equipped with 2x Coherent C70 lasers like on the P770, this high-performance machine is designed for demanding SLS production environments. With this P760, you can expect print quality similar to that of the P770. The p770 prints faster however. Available Accessories: We offer a variety of optional accessories to enhance your setup, including: • Docking station • Transitube • IPCM P • Unpacking station Dwjdpfx Aiov Dxw Dozod • Build frames Materials! We supply plug-and-play materials, fully tested and optimized for EOS systems. Our Inframotion PA12 delivers excellent performance at a fraction of the cost of OEM powders, helping you reduce production expenses without compromising on quality. Services Included: • Transport & Installation: Safe delivery in original EOS packaging and professional installation services. • Warranty & Maintenance Plans: Flexible options available to meet your needs. About Inframotion 3D (IM3D) At Inframotion 3D B.V., we specialize in high-quality refurbished EOS SLS machines and provide comprehensive support. As the only provider offering a complete solution for used EOS equipment, we deliver unmatched expertise and reliability. What we offer: • Expert service: Installation, maintenance, repairs, and upgrades performed by skilled ex-EOS technicians. • Exclusive materials: Cost-effective consumables like our plug-and-play PA12, fully tested and optimized for EOS systems. • End-to-end support: From transport to tailored maintenance plans, we handle every detail. Choose IM3D for dependable machines, premium materials, and the expertise to maximize your SLS production. Contact us today for more information or specific inquiries!

Condition: refurbished (used), For Sale: EOS P395 – Guaranteed Working Condition This EOS P395 is fully inspected and revised by Inframotion 3D (IM3D) to ensure top performance. Equipped with a reliable Synrad CO2 laser, this machine is ideal for efficient SLS production. Included in the package: • 2 build frames • Water cooler Materials Highlight We offer a range of plug-and-play materials that are fully tested and optimized for use with EOS systems. Our Inframotion PA12 provides exceptional performance and offers significant cost savings compared to OEM powders. By switching to our materials, you can lower production costs without sacrificing quality or reliability. Services Included: • Transport & Installation: We ensure safe delivery in the original EOS packaging and provide professional installation. • Warranty & Maintenance Plans: Flexible options are available to meet your needs. About Inframotion 3D (IM3D) At Inframotion 3D B.V., we specialize in high-quality refurbished EOS SLS machines and provide comprehensive support. As the only provider offering a complete solution for used EOS equipment, we deliver unmatched expertise and reliability. What we offer: Dodpfxeq E I A Dj Aizowd • Expert service: Installation, maintenance, repairs, and upgrades by skilled ex-EOS technicians. • Exclusive materials: High-quality consumables like our plug-and-play PA12, tested and optimized for EOS systems, offering significant cost savings. • Complete support: From transport to tailored maintenance plans, we handle everything. Trust IM3D for dependable machines, premium materials, and the expertise to optimize your SLS production. Contact us today for more information or specific inquiries!

Condition: new, SLS Materials for Industrial & Compact SLS 3D Printers High-performance SLS powders for professional additive manufacturing – compatible with a wide range of industrial and compact SLS 3D printers, including EOS, Formlabs, Sinterit, Sintratec, Nexa3D, and Raise3D systems. Our SLS powders undergo extensive in-house testing to ensure reliable processing, excellent mechanical properties, and consistent print quality across multiple machine platforms. Designed for both industrial production and compact SLS systems, IM3D materials deliver professional performance without restricting you to a specific ecosystem. Available Materials PA12 Balance – €45/kg Cost-effective, all-purpose PA12 powder with excellent refresh behavior and reliable mechanical properties. PA12 Performance – €49/kg Enhanced PA12 material with improved elongation at break and increased impact resistance for demanding functional applications. PA12 Glass Filled (PA12-GF) – €44/kg Stiff, dimensionally stable PA12 material reinforced for tooling and engineering parts. TPU88A – €45/kg Flexible SLS material with excellent elasticity, durability, and impact resistance. Machine Compatibility Dodpsy Til Ajfx Aizowd Compatible with a broad range of SLS systems, including: EOS / EOSINT: P100, P110, P350, P360, P380, P385, P390, P395, P396, P450, P500, P700, P730, P760, P770 Formlabs: Fuse 1, Fuse 1+ Sinterit: Lisa, Lisa Pro, Lisa X, Suzy Sintratec: Kit, S1, S2, S3 Nexa3D: QLS230, QLS236, QLS260 XYZ Systems: MfgPro230 xS, MfgPro236 xS Raise3D: RMS220 SLS4All Innova MK1 Loopzizo K-100 More compatibility information: im3d.shop/printer-compatibility OEM Material Alternatives We offer alternatives and/or drop-in replacements for materials from Formlabs, Sinterit, Sintratec, and Raise3D, including: Formlabs PA11, PA12, PA12 Tough, PA12-GF, TPU90A Sinterit Flexa Performance, PA11 Onyx, PA11.5, PA12 Eco, PA12 Industrial, PA12 Smooth Sintratec PA12, PA12-GF, TPU88A Raise3D PA Next, PA Next GB, PA11, PA12, PA12 GB, TPU86A, TPU90A OEM comparison overview: im3d.shop/compare/oem Why Choose IM3D SLS Materials? Broad compatibility across industrial and compact SLS systems Excellent refresh rates and low cost per part Stable processing and consistent print quality Industrial-grade performance without vendor lock-in In-house tested and production validated Technical onboarding and support available Fast shipping from the Netherlands

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 1325, Year of construction: 2026, Robust, efficient, and user-friendly 3D printer for producing components from resin, rubber, PLA, ABS, PET-G, and other plastics. Operates on three axes (X, Y, Z), enabling the creation of precise, three-dimensional details. 3D Printer 1325 3D Printer STANDARD EQUIPMENT INCLUDES: - Complete control system - Print head Dwedpoxfq Dbjfx Aizsd - Dryer and granulate feeder - Software TECHNICAL DATA: - Output from 8 kg/h - Interchangeable nozzles ⌀ 3–12 mm - Air-cooled print head - Compact print head dimensions - Motor power 1.5 kW

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1909, 3D Systems ProCure 750 Used to cure 3D-printed parts in an automotive manufacturer's development department. All the lights are lit and the turntable is rotating. Dwedpfjv Upuujx Aizsd

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 523afbb3, Year of construction: 2019, workpiece weight (max.): 10 kg, workpiece length (max.): 250 mm, workpiece width (max.): 183 mm, workpiece height (max.): 150 mm, No reserve price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! Bidding obligates the buyer to collect the item on time by 20/12/2025! This lot offers a complete solution comprising a printer, washing unit, and sintering unit for auction! The machine is a demonstration model and has seen minimal use! TECHNICAL DETAILS Printing Process: Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) Build Volume: 300 x 220 x 180 mm Layer Thickness: 50 µm – 200 µm Max. Part Size: 250 x 183 x 150 mm Max. Part Weight: 10 kg Sintering Capacity: 3,020 cm³ Sintered Area: 348 cm² Sintering Time: 26 hours Max. Temperature: 1,300 °C Washing Capacity: 18,356 cm³ Washing Volume: 356 x 254 x 203 mm Basket: Stainless steel washing basket Fluid: Opteon SF79, Opteon SF80, Tergo Metal Cleaning Fluid MACHINE DETAILS Printer Dimensions Dimensions: 575 x 467 x 1,120 mm Weight: 75 kg Washing Unit Dimensions Dimensions: 609 x 685 x 1,067 mm Weight: 136 kg Sintering Unit Dimensions Dimensions: 1,270 x 510 x 720 mm Weight: 136 kg Input Voltage: 240 V Input Current: 6 A Input Frequency: 60 Hz Dwjdpfx Asxnp Hajizod EQUIPMENT Dual-nozzle printing system Heated print chamber Vacuum-sealed print bed (new vacuum pump and vacuum silencer installed in 2022) Automatic leveling

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Technology: Selective Laser Sintering Build Volume: 230 x 230 x 250 mm (9.0 x 9.0 x 9.8 inch) Laser Performance: 60W Fiberlaser (CO2) Layer Thickness: 0.06 / 0.08 / 0.1 / 0.15 / 0.2 / 0.3 mm Max. Build Speed: Up to 22 mm / hour (Geometry dependent) Dwedpfx Aewcyzajizjd Accuracy: 0.2mm Full Parameter Access: Yes Printer Dimensions: 148 x 85 x 204 cm (58.3 x 33.5 x 80.3 in)

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: K00219, overall weight: 601 kg, construction height: 406 mm, construction width: 355 mm, Submitting a bid obligates the bidder to collect the item by 14.01.2026! TECHNICAL DETAILS Build volume: 406 mm x 355 mm x 406 mm Layer thicknesses: 0.127 mm, 0.178 mm, 0.254 mm, 0.330 mm Volume cassettes for build and support material: 1,510 cm³ / 3,020 cm³ Achievable accuracy: ± 0.127 mm or ± 0.0015 mm/mm Z accuracy: −0.000 / +layer height MACHINE DETAILS Dwodpfex Hwgnjx Aizod System dimensions: 1,295 mm x 902 mm x 1,984 mm Weight: 601 kg Input voltage: 420 V Supply voltage: 208 V AC Phases: 3 Frequency: 50/60 Hz Current consumption: 18 A Network connection: 10/100 Base-T Protocol: Ethernet Standards: CE, cTUVus, RCM, EAC, FCC Part B EQUIPMENT Insight™ Software Control Center™ Software GrabCAD Print compatibility SCA 1200HT support material cleaner Compatible with iSQUARED materials: ABS, ABS-ESD, ABS-CF, ASA, PC-ABS, PC, ULTEM 9085, ULTEM 1010 Note: One of four cassettes requires servicing.

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, The high-quality 3D composite printer from the US company Markforged can be used to print extremely accurate, strong and durable parts reinforced with long carbon, glass or Kevlar fibers, inexpensively and quickly. Dwodpfx Aijwcyycjzed

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Technical data: Control system: Multiaxis real-time interpolator with active trajectory prediction, LAN communication, EtherCat protocol, sampling time under 1ms, correction map, RTCP, remote service access. Working area: 1500 – 3000 x 2100 – 12000 mm Z-axis clearance: 500 – 1200 mm Drive system: Omron servo drives with EtherCat protocol, X and Y axes equipped with helical, hardened and ground racks, precision class 6; Z axis with ball screw, precision class 5. Linear bearings: Bosch Rexroth 35 Travel speed: X, Y axes up to 45 m/min; C, A axes up to 6000 degrees/min Software resolution: 0.0005 mm Positioning accuracy: 0.01 mm Gantry drive: Dual-sided master/slave configuration with gantry angle correction Electrospindle: 8 kW to 36 kW Print heads: - G.12 with throughput up to 12 kg/h - G.20 with throughput up to 20 kg/h - G.50 with throughput up to 50 kg/h - G.200 with throughput up to 200 kg/h Maximum spindle speed: 24,000 rpm (options for 6,000, 40,000, or 50,000 rpm) Construction: Welded, ribbed, stress-relieved, and precision machined steel frame Table type: Vacuum, hybrid, steel T-slot, aluminum T-slot, aluminum vacuum with M16 or M18 holes Dwsdpetz Sgiefx Aizsd Optional features: - Tool cooling - Linear or rotary tool magazine - Rotary axis on the table - Laser scanner - Positioning bases - Oscillating unit - 5-axis software package Granulate 3D printers can process a wide range of thermoplastics, such as PLA, ABS, PETG, polyamides, or polypropylene. #ploter #CNC #millingrouter #machiningcenter #3axis #4axis #5axis #3D #3Dprint #MDF #HPL #Plywood #chipboard #steel #aluminium #aluminum #brass #stainlesssteel #castiron #polypropylene #polycarbonate #acrylic #fermacell #BLUM

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2013, overall weight: 2,200 kg, construction height: 500 mm, construction width: 800 mm, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! The original printer was upgraded to the J4100 type in 2025 with a €135,000 upgrade! It is practically as good as new! TECHNICAL DETAILS Maximum build size: 1,000 x 800 x 500 mm Maximum layer thickness: 27 µm High speed: Up to 3 base resins, 27 m resolution Super-high speed: 1 base resin, 55 m resolution Dodpszkvpyefx Aizjwd MACHINE DETAILS Power supply: 110 - 240 V Dimensions & Weight Dimensions: 2,870 x 1,960 x 2,105 mm Total weight: 2,200 kg EQUIPMENT Exchangeable print plate with mobile lifting frame Various spare parts PolyJet UV technology

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Technical data Control system: multi-axis real-time interpolator with active trajectory prediction. Communication via LAN, EtherCat, sampling time below 1 ms, correction map, RTCP, remote service access. Working area: 1500 – 3000 x 2100 – 12000 mm Z-axis clearance: 500 – 1200 mm Drive system: Servo drives with EtherCat protocol, X and Y axes with hardened, ground helical racks, accuracy class 6; Z axis with ball screw, accuracy class 5. Linear guidance: Trapezoidal rails Travel speed: X, Y up to 45 m/min; C, A up to 6000 degrees/min Software resolution: 0.0005 mm Positioning accuracy: 0.01 mm Gantry drive: Dual-sided master/slave with gantry angle correction Print heads: G.12 with output up to 12 kg/h G.20 with output up to 20 kg/h G.50 with output up to 50 kg/h G.200 with output up to 200 kg/h Construction: welded steel, ribbed, stress-relieved, precision machined We have extensive experience with a variety of materials, including: • Basic materials: PE, PP, ABS, PLA, PA, PC, PET, etc. • Advanced materials: PPS, PEEK, PEKK, etc. Djdsv Ramgspfx Aizjwd • Reinforced materials: carbon fiber, glass fiber, natural fibers.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, If you are looking for the right machine and not a toy, then you have come to the right place: Foil label - label printer - name plate machine Laser markers skyLASER Mark 500 - 2D fiber laser engraving / marking laser is the complete solution for your complex laser engraving applications (* Prices depending on the equipment, this is a brand new laser machine from our production) Our skyLaser Mark systems are used exactly where the conventional CO2 laser technology has its limits. Using the fiber laser with a wavelength of 1064nm, even the most filigree structures can be realized in almost any material. In contrast to conventional milling processes, the laser works without contact, without force and without tool wear. The advantages in your application are the geometric flexibility and high machining accuracy. This type of machining can be used regardless of the hardness of the workpiece to be machined. The flexibility of the system increases with the mobile work table, which can be adapted to your needs. You can easily integrate the system into your production line, or operate it as a stand-alone solution. Our skyLaser Marks deliver very precise and permanent markings (laser engravings) and are suitable for the special area of ​​laser metal and certain organic substances. The use of a variety of fonts, the application of barcodes, serial numbers, logos and pictures is easily possible. Thanks to the excellent resolution, almost all requirements for marking tasks can be solved. Production of embossing stamps, engravings, inscriptions and complex, fine structures, the software is extremely user-friendly. Even very complex and complex marking tasks can be easily created on the supplied industrial PC. Precise positioning is done in no time at all, thanks to the optional observation camera for process tracking and software-based workpiece alignment. Since the system has hardly any wearing parts and is almost maintenance-free thanks to the IPG laser technology, it can be used especially for industrial applications as well as in continuous use. The skylaser marking laser / engraving laser at a glance: Processing area: from 110 x 110 or 120x120 or 300x300 mm (F-theta lenses dependent / 3D option) Laser source: IPG (pulsed fiber laser, YTTERBIUM PULSED FIBER LASER) SCANLAB galvanometer scanner Nominal laser power: 20W New: software-controlled, variably adjustable working width (X, axis max. 450mm depending on structure) New: software-controlled, variably adjustable working height (Z, axis max. 200/450 mm depending on the body) Optional other work areas - automatic material feed, etc. Air cooling due to low energy consumption Labeling speed: up to 8000 mm / s (SCANLAB dyn AXIS ® galvanometer scanners the SCAN cube ® 10 achieve labeling speeds of up to 640 characters per second.) Redundant security system Laser class: 1 or, depending on the configuration, laser class: 2 (through optional pilot laser) Dwodpfx Aiocuiz Tjzjd pfeifer-technology HQ mirrors and optics for perfect results, powerd by Scanlab (R) pfeifer-technology industrial PC including pre-installed control software New: incl. Laser Focus Finder New: incl. Process air control New: including suction control Optional: positioning laser: integrated diode laser for optimal positioning New including F-Theta lens 110 x 110 mm working area with protective glass! (Extension of the work area optionally to (180, 350 mm) almost maintenance-free