Used Haas Vf 2 Ss for sale (203)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2020, spindle speed (max.): 3,400 rpm, number of axes: 4, This 4-axis HAAS ST-30Y horizontal turning machine was manufactured in 2020. It features C+Y-axis capability, a 3,400 rpm A2-6 spindle, and a 12-station BMT65 turret. The machine is equipped with an automatic tool presetter, bent-type chip conveyor, and programmable tailstock. The machine can be inspected under power and test cuts are possible upon request. Contact us for further details. Chodjyh Hw Iepfx Amhsa • Running hours: 556 h • C+Y-axis • 3,400 rpm A2-6 spindle • 12-station BMT65 turret • Programmable Tailstock Additional equipment • Bent-Type Chip Conveyor • Oil skimmer • Exhaust system • Automatic Tool Presetter (ATP) • WIFI camera • Remote Jog Handle

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2013, operating hours: 5,446 h, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 762 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 508 mm, spindle motor power: 22,000 W, table load: 300 kg, number of slots in tool magazine: 41, number of axes: 5, This 5s HAAS UMC 750 was manufactured in 2013. It features a spindle speed of 12,000 rpm and a tool capacity of 41 tools, making it suitable for various machining tasks. The machine offers a maximum table load of 300 kg and includes advanced coolant systems for efficient operation. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the HAAS UMC 750 universal machining center we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Spindle type: Inline direct drive • Tool holder: SK40 • Tool changer: SMTC • Rotary technology: 2 axes with support bearing • B-axis range: −35° to +110° • C-axis range: 360° • Clamping surface: Ø 630 × 500 mm • Coolant system: standard coolant, P-Cool, through-spindle coolant (TSC) • Renishaw probing: WIPS system with workpiece probe and tool measurement • Control functions: 8M functions, rotate and scale • Memory: 16 MB • HSM: High Speed Milling • Rigid tapping: yes • Cycle time hours: 5,446 h • Power-on hours: 21,246 h Cjdpfx Amjyid Hvehoha Technical Specification Taper Size SK 40

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2001, controller manufacturer: HAAS, This 3-axis HAAS SL-30 was manufactured in 2001. A robust horizontal turning machine featuring a 3400 rpm spindle, Ø76mm bore, and a 10" chuck. It includes a tailstock, 12 x VDI40 tool stations, a toolsetter, and a conveyor. If you are looking to get high-quality turning capabilities consider the HAAS SL-30 machine we have for sale. Contact us for more information. Chsdpfx Aex H Uzvsmhja • Tailstock • 12 x VDI40 • Toolsetter • Conveyor

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2001, spindle speed (max.): 3,000 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 287 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 864 mm, controller manufacturer: HAAS, number of axes: 2, Horizontal turning machine manufactured in 2001. This HAAS SL-30THE was designed for precision with a spindle speed of 3,000 RPM and a claw chuck diameter of 254 mm. With an X-axis travel of 287 mm and a Z-axis travel of 864 mm, it offers reliable performance for turning applications. Consider the opportunity to buy this HAAS SL-30THE horizontal turning machine. Contact us for further details. Csdpfxjyhb Rro Amhjha • Claw chuck diameter: 254 mm • The machine runs, but the Vector drive malfunctions when slowing down the engine Vector drive is less than a year and a half old, and repair is likely an option.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2005, operating hours: 5,934 h, travel distance X-axis: 406 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 305 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 254 mm, controller manufacturer: HAAS, spindle speed (max.): 40,000 rpm, number of axes: 3, This 3s HAAS Super Mini Mill HE was manufactured in 2005, featuring a robust Haas CNC Control and an IBAG Switzerland spindle with a maximum speed of 40,000 rpm. The machine includes an Automatic Tool Changer with a capacity for 18 tools, ensuring efficient operation. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the HAAS Super Mini Mill HE vertical machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Spindle: • IBAG Switzerland spindle • Water-cooled • Tool holder: HSK E32 • Tool changer: • Type: Automatic Tool Changer (ATC) • Capacity: 18 tools Cjdpfx Asyhfltjmhoha • Working hours (from control): • Servo time: 9,158 h • Motion time: 4,984 h • Spindle time: 5,934 h • Idle time: 0:44 h • Electrical data: • Voltage: 360–480 V • Phase: 3 • Frequency: 50/60 Hz • Full load current: 20 A • Largest load: 35 A • Short-circuit interrupting capacity: 10,000 A Technical Specification Taper Size HSK 32

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2014, controller manufacturer: HAAS, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, number of axes: 5, This 5-axis HAAS UMC-750 was manufactured in 2014. It features a 12000 rpm spindle, a 40+1 tool changer, through-spindle coolant at 21 bar, and a conveyor. High-speed machining capabilities are enhanced with programmable coolant and Dynamic Work Offsets/Tool Center Point Control. It also includes Renishaw probes and a robot interface. If you are looking to get high-quality milling capabilities consider the HAAS UMC-750 machine we have for sale. Contact us for more information about this machine. • Tool changer: 40+1 tools (CT as provided) • Through‑spindle coolant (TSC) 21 bar Chsdpfx Ajx Imttsmhoa • Air through spindle • High‑Speed Machining • Programmable coolant nozzle (P‑Cool) • DWO/TCPC • Auto Door • Side window • Top roof/enclosed top Additional equipment • Chip conveyor • Renishaw probes (probing system) • Robot interface

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2000, travel distance X-axis: 750 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 410 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 500 mm, controller manufacturer: HAAS, controller model: na, spindle speed (max.): 8,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 7,500 W, number of axes: 4, This 4-axis HAAS MIKRON VCE 750 was manufactured in 2000. It features a table surface of 900x350 mm, a spindle speed of 8000 rpm, and a spindle motor power of 7.5 kW. Equipped with a conversational HAAS CNC, electronic handwheel, and a chip conveyor screw type, this vertical machining centre is ideal for detailed and precise machining tasks. Contact us for more information about this machine. Machine Benefits Technical Machine Benefits • Table surface: 900x350 mm Chedpfjyaitfex Amhja • Table weight: 340 kg • Electronic handwheel • 3-color status light • Chip conveyor: screw type • Programmable coolant nozzle • 4th axis: 360000° Extra Information Full Documentation

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1997, travel distance X-axis: 750 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 410 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 500 mm, controller manufacturer: HAAS, table load: 340 kg, spindle speed (max.): 8,000 rpm, number of axes: 4, This 4-axis HAAS MIKRON VCE 750 was manufactured in 1997. It features a table surface of 900x350 mm, a table capacity of 340 kg, and movements of X 750 mm, Y 410 mm, and Z 500 mm. The spindle operates at 8000 rpm with a power of 7.5 kW. Regular maintenance and recent updates ensure reliability. Consider the opportunity to buy this HAAS MIKRON VCE 750 vertical machining centre. Contact us for more information about this machine. • Table surface: 900 x 350 mm • Condition: regularly maintained; still in operation • 2023 service: new tool change hand gearbox and new tool change magazine Chedpfjx D Egzex Amhsa Additional equipment • 4th axis

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2019, functionality: fully functional, We offer you: Manufacturer: Haas Model: ST-30Y Year of manufacture: 2019 Control: Haas Technical Data: Max. swing diameter: 533 mm Max. machining diameter (with BMT 65): 349 mm Distance between centers: 826 mm Bar capacity: max. 76 mm Travel distances: X-axis travel: 239 mm Y-axis travel: +/- 51 mm Z-axis travel: 826 mm Main spindle: Spindle speed: 3,400 rpm Drive power: 22.4 kW Turret: Number of tool stations: 12 positions Tool holder: BMT 65 Rapid traverse rates: Rapid traverse (x, y, z): 12 / 12 / 24 m/min Chedpfeyzz Ursx Amhja Technical features & accessories: - Driven tools (C-axis) - Automatic tool presetting arm - Coolant tank - Coolant pump - Chip conveyor - 254 mm chuck - Tailstock Accessories, depicted tools, and clamping devices are only included in the scope of delivery if specified in the additional information. Subject to alterations and errors in technical details and information, as well as prior sale!

Year of construction: 2007, condition: ready for operation (used), Turning diameter: 430mm, max. swing diameter over bed: 760mm, max. turning length: 860mm, center distance: 990mm, travel X/Y: 280mm/860mm, speed: 3400rpm, chuck diameter: 12inch, tool stations: 12. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 3800mm/2000mm/1900mm, weight: approx. 6500kg. Documentation available. An on-site inspection is possible. Csdpjy Hvp Iefx Amheha

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2006, travel distance X-axis: 1,626 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,016 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 813 mm, overall weight: 13,611 kg, table length: 1,626 mm, table width: 914 mm, controller model: HAAS, nominal power (apparent): 22 kVA, rotary table diameter: 760 mm, spindle speed (max.): 6,000 rpm, table load: 4,536 kg, Equipment: chip conveyor, IBN 03/2006 IKZ 70 bar (TSC 1000) WZW 30-fold (BT50) Full 4th axis Spindle & gearbox new in 2017 Cjdpfevgmr Iox Amhoha 1-shift operation Machine can be inspected under power !!!! free loading until CW04/2025 !!!! (with same-day delivery of our new machine)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2012, machine/vehicle number: 1097415, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 356 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 508 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 318 kg, overall weight: 6,350 kg, table width: 508 mm, spindle speed (min.): 10,000 rpm, table height: 324 mm, Technical Data BRAND: Haas MODEL: MDC-500 SERIAL NUMBER: 1097415 Year: 2012 Numerical Control: Haas Location: Tabaza (Asturias- Spain) TABLE DIMENSIONS Table surface: 508x324 mm. Number of tables: 2 Maximum weight on the table: 318 kg. Cjdpfxotr Ufle Amhjha RANGE Longitudinal travel X: 508 mm. Transversal travel Y: 356 mm. Vertical travel Z: 508mm. SPINDLE Cone: BT40 Spindle speed: 10.000 r.p.m. 22.4 Kw 122 Nm ATC Capacity: 24 Station Tool change time: 4.8s ADVANCES Working feeds: 21.2 m/min Rapid feeds: 25.4 m/min WEIGHT AND DIMENSIONS Machine dimensions: 3.632x3.404x2.870 mm. Machine weight: 6.350Kg. ACCESSORIES Programmable coolant Chip conveyor Renishaw T527R probe

Condition: ready for operation (used), A small universal tool grinding machine Haas Trossingen is available. Grinding spindle diameter: 60mm-90mm, grinding wheel diameter: 175mm, taper: 15mm. The machine has been overhauled. An on-site inspection is possible. Chjdpfsyyb Txex Amhea

Condition: ready for operation (used), Hand-lever Surface Grinding Machine - HAAS UHS FL Chodpfxjyk Dq Te Amhsa - Grinding length: 350 mm - Grinding width: approx. 180 mm - Grinding height: 250 mm - Grinding movement via hand lever - Swiveling range (horizontal): 360 degrees - Tilting range (vertical): +- 15-20 degrees - General angle adjustment - Spindle speed: 2500 / 5600 rpm - Drive power: 1.1 kW Dimensions: LxWxH 1.2x1x1.7 meters / Weight 700 kg Subject to errors and input mistakes

Year of construction: 1995, condition: excellent (used), Very well-maintained vertical panel saw for cutting sheet material. Equipped with a hydraulic unit and accumulator, and double hydraulic clamping. Chsdpoh Eyqvefx Amhja Attachment kit with measuring roller for the splitting wedge. Electrical control cabinet with control system. Control panel with digital measurement input and operation. Photos show the original condition.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2007, Manufacturer: HAAS Year of construction: 2007 MODEL: SL-40 Operating hours: 6200 Control system manufacturer: HAAS X-axis travel: 700 mm Z-axis travel: 1250 mm Number of tools: 12 Spindle power: 30 kW Spindle speed: 2400 RPM Chsdpfx Aey Tytqomhea Max. turning diameter: 648 mm Bar capacity: 103 mm Fully programmable: Tailstock Machine weight: 9000 kg

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2005, operating hours: 114,129 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 2820, Sale only within Germany Control System: Siemens Sinumerik Software: Haas Software 7.3 Number of Axes: 6 (X, X3, Y, Z, C, A) Grinding Spindle: - Continuously variable up to 8,000 rpm - Haas short taper - Grinding wheel diameter max. Ø200 mm Workpiece Spindle: - Up to 1,000 rpm - Centre height 175 mm - Clamping collet 3409 - Taper mount SK50 - Through bore Ø28.5 mm - Workpiece weight up to 2.5 kg - Indexing accuracy +/- 3.5 arcseconds - Input increment 0.001° Chsdpfxswpqkre Amhea Workpiece Support: Linear axis X3 with bushing holder Feed Drives: - Linear axes with ball screw spindles - Direct length measurement with 0.0001 mm resolution Workpiece Dimensions (Drills): - Ø 0.8 - 15.0 mm - Overall length 20 - 380 mm - Grinding length 10 - 360 mm - Max. workpiece weight 2.5 kg Chain Magazine: - 42 stations - Ø 0.8 - 15.0 mm - Length 80 - 250 mm - Max. workpiece weight 1.5 kg Stack Magazine: - Preparation for stack magazine for indexable inserts Measuring System CCD Area Camera: - Indexing and positioning of tools by coolant channel (from Ø0.8 mm) - Measurement of opening angle - Indexing of multi-groove drilling and reaming tools Renishaw Probe: - Touch-off for workpiece length/tool tip - Scanning of groove pitch - Positioning in coolant channel bore at tool tip Electrical Connection: - 63A main fuse - Mains voltage 400V - Frequency 50 Hz - Control voltage 24V - Rated power 21 kW Weight: 8 t Including: - Control cabinet cooling: water-water heat exchanger - Fire protection system: Kraft und Bauer extinguishing system - Extraction unit: Büchel Smog-Hog SH 2000/T - Dressing unit (stationary dresser) - Pressure plate ----- Operating Procedure – For Drills: - Manual loading of chain magazine outside machine enclosure - Automated workpiece handling system - Automatic collet chuck clamping - Workpiece positioning in the working area - Workpiece machining - Automatic return of workpieces onto powered conveyor belt Operating Procedure – For Solid Carbide Indexable Inserts: - Manual loading of stack magazine inside working area - Automated workpiece handling system - Automatic clamping with special clamping fixture - Workpiece positioning in the working area - Workpiece machining - Automatic return of processed workpieces onto storage system Drill Grinding: - Grinding of flute profile - Grinding of cutting edge - Grinding of circumference profile - Grinding of relief chamfer - Grinding of periphery chamfer - Cylindrical grinding Indexable Insert Grinding: - Grinding of support face and pin ----- Two additional identical machines are also available for sale!

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2021, operating hours: 2,200 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 1,016 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 635 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 635 mm, spindle speed (max.): 8,000 rpm, table diameter: 635 mm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel X-axis: 1,016 mm Travel Y-axis: 635 mm Travel Z-axis: 635 mm B-axis: 120-35 ° C-axis: 360 ° Spindle: SK 40 Speed: 8,100 rpm Codsx I Ag Ajpfx Amhoha Table diameter: 635 mm Tool changer: 30 stations MACHINE DETAILS Number of axes: 5 Operating hours Power-on time: 4,300 h Cycle time: 2,200 h EQUIPMENT Control panel with touchscreen Network interface Wi-Fi connection 1 GB part program memory Power failure detection module Control cabinet with air conditioning unit Wireless measuring system Coolant unit Programmable coolant nozzle Prepared for retrofitting internal coolant supply Hinged belt chip conveyor

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 2052582, travel distance X-axis: 1,626 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,270 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 813 mm, rapid traverse X-axis: 15 m/min, rapid traverse Y-axis: 15 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 15 m/min, nominal power (apparent): 22 kVA, controller manufacturer: Haas, controller model: Haas, table width: 914 mm, table length: 1,626 mm, table load: 4,536 kg, rotary table diameter: 760 mm, rotational speed (max.): 6,000 rpm, number of spindles: 1, number of slots in tool magazine: 30, Equipment: chip conveyor, rotational speed infinitely variable, Condition: very good (used) 4-axis horizontal machining center Brand: Haas Equipment: Chjdpfxew Uz Ans Amhoa Tool holder SK50 Tool positions: 30+1 Year of manufacture: 03/2008 Weight: 13,600 kg Additional information: Machine has been newly painted Price on request

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2016, operating hours: 12,118 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 762 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 508 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 508 mm, rotary table diameter: 500 mm, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, Machine already disassembled! TECHNICAL DETAILS X-axis travel: 762 mm Y-axis travel: 508 mm Z-axis travel: 508 mm Table load capacity: 300 kg Rotary table diameter: 500 mm Max. spindle speed: 12,000 rpm Spindle motor power: 22 kW Spindle taper: BT40 Number of tool magazine slots: 40 MACHINE DETAILS Control manufacturer: HAAS Dimensions & Weight Chjdpfxsypbhte Amhsa Dimensions (L x W x H): 4,014 x 3,046 x 3,048 mm Weight: 6,500 kg Operating Hours Power-on hours: 16,142 h Cutting hours: 12,118 h EQUIPMENT Central spindle cooling system 20 bar Filtration Chip conveyor belt Workpiece probe Tool probe Robot interface Automatic (side) door Handheld control unit Cleaning pistol High-speed machining

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2005, operating hours: 14,923 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 762 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 305 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 534 mm, feed length X-axis: 762 mm, feed length Y-axis: 305 mm, feed length Z-axis: 534 mm, torque: 45 Nm, controller manufacturer: Haas, total height: 2,700 mm, total length: 2,200 mm, total width: 1,750 mm, table width: 267 mm, table length: 1,213 mm, rotational speed (max.): 6,000 rpm, overall weight: 1,315 kg, spindle speed (max.): 6,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 5,600 W, spindle nose: CT40/ISO/BT40, number of spindles: 1, input voltage: 400 V, type of input current: three-phase, Three-axis vertical CNC milling machine Haas TM-1HE, numerically controlled, with a 6000 rpm spindle. The machine is being sold by Haas service technicians with 10 years of experience. The machining center has undergone a complete, comprehensive inspection; it has been refurbished and is ready for operation. The mill is equipped with a range of additional options: - Higher-speed spindle up to 6000 rpm - Rigid tapping - Rotation & scaling - M19 spindle orientation - Macro programming Chodpfjyanlajx Amhea - HSM (High Speed Machining) - IPS (Intuitive Programming System) - Possibility to activate 4th axis after adding servo amplifier and wiring; can be sold separately (fourth axis option) - Air coolant system Machine Information: - Machine type: Three-axis vertical milling machine Haas TM-1 - Serial number: 41246 - Manufacturing date: 04/05 - Spindle speed: 6000 rpm - X-axis travel: 762 mm - Y-axis travel: 305 mm - Z-axis travel: 534 mm - Minimum spindle-to-table distance: 102 mm - Maximum spindle-to-table distance: 636 mm - Table size: 1213 × 267 mm - T-slots: 3 slots, 16 mm wide - Overall dimensions (W × D × H): 220 × 175 × 270 cm - Weight: 1315 kg - Spindle motor power: 5.6 kW - Maximum torque: 45 Nm - Spindle taper: CT40 / ISO / BT40 - Voltage: 366/425 V - Phase: 3 - Full load current: 13 A - Frequency: 50/60 Hz - Largest load current: 16 A The machine has undergone a full, comprehensive inspection. All of the following components have been checked and verified: - Ballscrews - Linear guides and ways - Lubrication system - Spindle assembly - Spindle motor - Encoder - Vector drive - Servo amplifiers - I/O board - Processor board - All electrical cabinet components - Axis drives - Tool change system - CNC controller - Additional subsystems and components The machine is fully refurbished and ready for immediate operation.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2016, operating hours: 13,000 h, functionality: fully functional, Vertical machine center Haas VM 6 with below options 12000 rpm spindle HSS Touch probe Tool setter Through spindle coolant chip auger Chsdpoyb S U Ujfx Amhea

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2020, operating hours: 7,320 h, machine/vehicle number: 3119208, turning length: 406 mm, turning diameter: 305 mm, spindle motor power: 14,900 W, spindle speed (max.): 4,000 rpm, spindle bore: 64 mm, travel distance X-axis: 200 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 406 mm, For sale: Used CNC lathe HAAS ST15 in very good technical condition. Operating hours: 7,320. Reason for sale: Standardization of machinery for compatibility with the rest of the machine park. Key features: • Automatic Door • Renishaw WIPS Probing System • Hybrid BOT/BMT Turret (Dual Mount Tooling) • Live Tooling (Driven Tools – milling option) • Sub-Spindle (6,000 RPM) • Parts Catcher (if installed) • Chip Conveyor • Control Cabinet Cooler • Wireless Networking (WiFi) • Rigid Tapping Chjdpfx Amey A I Nxjhoa • Extended Program Memory (1GB) • VPS Programming (Visual Programming System) For more information, please contact us by phone or email.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2022, operating hours: 2,394 h, functionality: fully functional, Controller HAAS Swing dia. 641 mm Swing over carriage 413 mm Maximum cutting diameter 229 mm Maximum cutting length 356 mm X axis travel 200 mm Y axis travel +/-50 mm Z axis travel 355 mm Bar Capacity 44mm C axis 0,01 degrees Spindle Speed 6000 rpm Spindle Nose A2-5 Milling spindle speed 6000 rpm Rapid Feedrates X/Y/Z = 30,5 / 12,7 / 30,5 m/minute Spindle Motor Power 11 kW Turret Positions 12 stations Tool holder type VDI30 Weight 3600 Kg Dimensions LxWxH = 3048 x 2108 x 1803mm Accesories, features - C Axis programmable - Y Axis - Live tool turret (each places) - Integrated tool presetter - Chip conveyor - 3 jaws hydraulic chuck D160 mm - Tailstock - Foot pedal - Machine mounts - Manuals Chodpfxowvf Thj Amhea The machine is barelly used and is in great technical and optical condition.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2023, operating hours: 1,168 h, functionality: fully functional, Controller HAAS Swing dia. 641 mm Swing over carriage 413 mm Maximum cutting diameter 229 mm Maximum cutting length 356 mm X axis travel 200 mm Z axis travel 355 mm Bar Capacity 44mm Spindle Speed 6000 rpm Spindle Nose A2-5 Rapid Feedrates X/Y/Z = 30,5 / 30,5 m/minute Spindle Motor Power 11 kW Turret Positions 12 stations Weight 3200 Kg Dimensions LxWxH = 3048 x 2108 x 1803mm Accesories, features - Integrated tool presetter - Chip conveyor - 3 jaws hydraulic chuck D160 mm - Without tailstock - Foot pedal - Machine mounts Cedpfxowvgbye Amheha - Manuals The machine is barelly used and is in great technical and optical condition.